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Biomedical subjects

W Scott

Publications and source records attributed to W Scott.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Generation of pseudonative protein structures for threading.

The threading approach to protein structure prediction suffers from the limited number of substantially different folds available as templates. A method is presented for the generation of artificial protein structures, amenable to threading, by modification of native ones. The artificial structures so generated are compared to the native ones and it is shown that, within the accuracy of the pseudoenergy function or force field used, these two types of structures appear equally useful for threading. Since a multitude of pseudonative artificial structures can be generated per native structure, the pool of pseudonative template structures for threading can be enormously enlarged by the inclusion of the pseudonative artificial structures.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1996

Reverse transcriptase mutations in HIV-1-infected children treated with zidovudine.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations were detected in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 of 12 HIV-1-infected children after 11-20 months of zidovudine monotherapy. The number of children with mutations detected at each codon were as follows: codon 41, 4; codon 67, 2; codon 70, 7; codon 215, 7; codon 219, 0. Codon 41 mutations were found only in the presence of a codon 215 mutation and in the absence of a codon 70 mutation. The codon 41/215 mutant combination was associated with decline in weight-for-age z score during therapy, weight < 10th percentile, CD4+ cell counts < 3rd percentile, and immune-complex dissociated HIV-1 p24 antigen (ICD p24 Ag) levels > 100 pg/ml. Patients developing the codon 70 mutation tended to have body weight > 30th percentile, CD4+ cell counts > 25th percentile, and ICD p24 Ag < 100 pg/ml. The codon 41 mutation was associated with clinical deterioration during a 6-month followup period.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1996

Management of thyroid carcinoma with radioactive 131I.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of radioactive 131I in the management of patients with well differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1965 and 1995, a total of 117 patients with well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid underwent either lobectomy or thyroidectomy followed by 100-150 mCi of 131I. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 8 years, only four patients (3%) developed a recurrence of their disease. The 5-year actuarial survival was 97% with a 10-year survival of 91%. There were no severe side effects noted after 131I therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Radioactive 131I is a safe and effective procedure for the majority of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We currently recommend that all patients undergo a subtotal or total thyroidectomy followed by 131I thyroid scanning approximately 4 weeks after surgery. If the thyroid scan shows no residual uptake and all disease is confined to the thyroid, we recommend following patients with annual thyroid scans and serum thyroglobulin levels. If there is any residual uptake detected in the neck or if the tumor extends beyond the thyroid, we recommend routine thyroid ablation of 100-150 mCi of radioactive 131I.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal studies of viral sequence, viral phenotype, and immunologic parameters of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in perinatally infected twins with discordant disease courses.

Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections cause a broad spectrum of clinical disease and are variable in both the age of the patient at onset of serious disease and the progression of the clinical course. Heterozygotic perinatally infected twins with a marked difference in their clinical courses were monitored during the first 2 years of life. Twin B, the second-born twin, developed AIDS by 6 months of age and died at 22 months of age, while twin A remained minimally symptomatic through the first 2 years. Sequential blood specimens were obtained from the twins in order to characterize the immunologic properties of the children and the phenotypes and genotypes of the HIV-1 isolates at various times. Twin A developed neutralizing antibodies and a high-level antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response, while twin B had no neutralizing antibody and a much lower ADCC response. The virus isolates obtained from the two children at various time points proliferated equally well in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were nonsyncytium inducing, and could not infect established T-cell lines. They differed in their ability to infect primary macrophages. In parallel to the biological studies, the HIV-1 tat and part of the env gene sequences of the longitudinal isolates at four time points were determined. Sequences of virus from both twins at different time points were highly conserved; the viruses evolved at a similar rate until the last analyzed time point, at which there was a dramatic increase in sequence diversity for the sicker child, especially in the tat gene. Our results show that the viruses isolated at different times do not have significant changes in growth properties. The absence or low levels of neutralizing antibodies may correlate with disease progression in the twins.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Decision logic for retreatment of asymptomatic lung cancer recurrence based on positron emission tomography findings.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine if Positron emission tomography (PET) 2-[F-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) imaging could detect subclinical local lung cancer recurrence and whether retreatment of such recurrence was feasible and beneficial. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty patients with biopsy proven lung cancer were studied with Positron emission tomography for the purpose of detecting subclinical lung cancer recurrence over a period of 4.25 years. All patients were treated with external radiation as part or all of their therapy. Twenty patients had baseline PET and computed tomography (CT) studies for comparison with later studies. Surviving patients had a total of 40 sequential PET scans and 35 CT scans. The follow-up interval ranged from 5 to 40 months posttreatment. The differential uptake ratio (DUR) was determined for regions of interest of increased FDG uptake. RESULTS: The median DUR value of the 20 baseline PET studies was 5.59. The DUR value of greater than 3 was empirically selected as being positive for tumor detection. On baseline studies, PET had a 100% correlation with the CT findings in regard to detection of the site of primary tumor involvement. Four of 20 patients showed areas of discordance in the mediastinal and hilar areas on initial PET and CT studies. Seven of 17 patients showed discordant posttreatment PET-CT findings. Two false positive PET studies were due to radiation pneumonitis and one to macrophage glycolysis in tumor necrosis. For detection of asymptomatic tumor recurrence, analysis of sequential PET and CT studies, biopsy results, and the patient's clinical course suggested that PET had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 89.3%, and accuracy of 92.5%. Computerized Tomography was found to have a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 85%, and accuracy of 82% for detection of such early-stage recurrence. Five patients went on to have retreatment with external irradiation based upon the PET evidence. Four retreated patients had biopsies that corroborated the positive PET findings, and one patient was retreated on the basis of the qualitative appearance of the posttreatment PET study. Two of the five retreated patients remain alive without evidence of tumor to 34 months following initial therapy. CONCLUSION: Positron emission tomography scanning appears to be effective in detecting and following the progression of recurrent lung cancer. Retreatment of patients with asymptomatic recurrent tumor has resulted in absent or decreased FDG activity. Monitoring of patients with PET may provide prolonged survival in patients who otherwise would fail treatment because of local tumor recurrence.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

The "revolution" in outpatient care.

Although the concept of outpatient care is not a new one, the growth in ambulatory facilities has revolutionized medical care in the United States. The growth in ambulatory surgery centers, imaging centers, and cancer centers in Florida is explored in detail. With the many changes forthcoming in health care, ambulatory care will play an increasing role in delivering good health care at a reasonable cost.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1994

Intraperitoneal adoptive immunotherapy of ovarian carcinoma with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and low-dose recombinant interleukin-2: a pilot trial.

A pilot study was conducted in patients who had advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma, and who were refractory to platinum-based chemotherapy, to determine the feasibility and clinical effects of a schedule of intraperitoneal (IP) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) expanded in recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), and low-dose rIL-2 IP. TIL were expanded from solid metastases or malignant effusions in serum-free AIM V medium supplemented with low concentrations (600 IU/ml) or rIL-2 using a four-step method of expansion that included a hollow fiber bioreactor (artificial capillary culture system). Patients received IP TIL suspended in dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.2% containing 0.1% human albumin and 6 x 10(5) IU rIL-2 on day 1, followed by 6 x 10(5) IU rIL-2/m2 body surface area, administered daily by bolus IP injection, on days 2-4, 8-11, and 15-18. In the absence of disease progression, two additional 4-day cycles of IP rIL-2 were administered. Patients (n = 3) whose TIL failed to grow in vitro received IP IL-2 alone. Eight patients received rIL-2 expanded TIL (10(10)-10(11) range) plus rIL-2 followed by several cycles of rIL-2 alone. One of these patients was treated twice with TIL plus rIL-2. Expanded TIL were primarily CD3+CD4+TCR alpha beta+ (eight TIL-derived T-cell lines). One TIL-derived T-cell line was comprised mostly of CD3+CD8+TCR alpha beta+ cells. Eleven patients (eight treated with TIL plus rIL-2 and three patients treated with rIL-2 alone) received a total of 38 cycles of rIL-2 without TIL. Grade 3 clinical toxicity (peritonitis) occurred in 1 of 9 cycles of TIL plus rIL-2 and 1 of 38 cycles of rIL-2 alone. Each cycle was 4 days long. Grade 3 anemia occurred in 1 of 9 TIL plus rIL-2 cycles and 3 of 38 cycles of rIL-2 alone. There were no measurable responses; however, four of eight patients treated with IP TIL plus rIL-2 had some indication of clinical activity: ascites regression (two patients), tumor and CA-125 reduction (one patient), and surgically confirmed stable tumor and CA-125 values (one patient). The schedule of IP TIL plus low-dose rIL-2 shows manageable toxicity and is worthy of further evaluation in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who have less tumor burden.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A physiologically based kinetic model of rat and mouse gestation: disposition of a weak acid.

A physiologically based toxicokinetic model of gestation in the rat and mouse has been developed. The model is superimposed on the normal growth curve for nonpregnant females. It describes the entire gestation period including the period of organogenesis. The model consists of uterus, mammary tissue, maternal fat, kidney, liver, other well-perfused maternal tissues, and other poorly perfused maternal tissues, embryo/fetal tissues, and yolk sac and chorioallantoic placentas. It takes into account the growth of maternal tissues such as uterus, mammary glands, fat, and liver during pregnancy, as well as growth of the conceptus. The gestation model is based on published values of organ volumes and blood flows for the rat throughout pregnancy. It is scaled to the mouse using conventional scaling procedures. Its descriptive utility has been examined with the test chemical 5,5'-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO), a weak acid that is not bound measurably in plasma or tissues and is eliminated by excretion in the urine. Concentrations of DMO were monitored in maternal rat and embryo plasma and in homogenates of maternal rat muscle and whole embryo after ip administration at 9:00 AM on Day 13 of gestation. On the basis that distribution of DMO is determined solely by its pK and the pH's of body fluids, pH and excretion rate values were estimated by visual optimization of model predictions to the concentration profile. Successful prediction of concentrations of DMO in the same tissues of pregnant mice after its ip administration at 9:00 AM on Day 10 or 11 of gestation required only adjustment for pH's of mouse body fluids.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sequentially administered ethinyl estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of refractory epithelial ovarian carcinoma in patients with positive estrogen receptors.

The activity of sequentially administered hormonal therapy was investigated over 25 days in 25 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma who had estrogen receptor (ERc)-positive tumors. Patients received ethinyl estradiol (EE) (50 micrograms/d) on days 1 to 7 and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (400 mg/d) on days 8 to 25. Twenty-three patients completed one or more courses of treatment. There were no complete responses (CR). Four partial responses (PR) with durations of 9, 4, 3, and 1 months were seen. Two incomplete responses with durations of 6 and 4 months were also seen. Six patients had stable disease (SD), and 11 patients had progression. The overall response rate was 17% and may represent a modest improvement in response over those in previously published studies conducted with MPA alone. No significant toxic effects were noticed, and some patients reported an improved sense of well-being. However, two patients experienced depression with this treatment. The mean ERc values in responders, patients with SD, and nonresponders were 70.0, 36.7, and 47.9 fmol/mg cytosolic protein, respectively. Future studies of hormonal therapy in patients with ovarian carcinoma should attempt to identify more reliable indices for determining sensitivity to these agents.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

legless insertional mutation: morphological, molecular, and genetic characterization.

Limb morphogenesis is an excellent model system to study pattern formation during vertebrate development. The legless (lgl) insertional mutation can serve as a tool to analyze specific events in limb development at the embryologic, genetic, and molecular levels. Hemizygous mice of this transgenic line are phenotypically normal, but homozygous mutants are inviable and exhibit limb, brain, and craniofacial malformations, as well as situs inversus. By morphological analysis of mutant hindlimb buds we show absence of a normal apical ectodermal ridge, a structure required for limb bud outgrowth, and an unusually high degree of mesenchymal and ectodermal cell death. Mutant embryos are extremely sensitive to retinoic acid, a known teratogen with a proposed role in limb development. The hindlimb malformations in legless mutants are less severe when bred into the BALB/c background, suggesting the involvement of other strain-specific genes. Molecular analysis of the disrupted region indicates two tightly linked insertion sites. Sequences flanking the transgene insertions have been cloned and mapped to chromosome 12, near the iv (situs inversus viscerum) locus. Consistent with this, complementation tests confirm allelism of lgl and iv and suggest that the transgene insertion may have disrupted more than one gene. Phylogenetically conserved sequences flanking the transgene insertions were identified and used to isolate candidate lgl and iv cDNAs.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

The activity of locally applied cytotoxics to breast cancer cells in vitro.

The ability of commonly used operative lavage solutions to destroy breast cancer cells was investigated. The cytotoxicity of solutions of Savlon, noxythiolin, povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide, bleomycin and water on two human breast cancer cell lines was measured in vitro. Viable cells were determined by ability to exclude trypan blue. Results have been analysed with standard non-parametric tests and demonstrate that all solutions tested significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced the number of viable cells recovered when compared with a control solution of phosphate buffered saline. Solutions of Savlon, 2.5% noxythiolin and povidone iodine were more effective than the other agents in reducing the number of recovered viable cells.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1990

Yellow nails, lymphedema and pleural effusion. Treatment of chronic pleural effusion with pleuroperitoneal shunting.

Pleural effusion secondary to lymphedema may be chronic, symptomatic and refractory to treatment, occasionally requiring invasive and painful procedures such as chemical pleurodesis, open pleural abrasion or pleurectomy to achieve control of the effusion and gain symptomatic relief. We report a patient with yellow nail syndrome and chronic pleural effusion successfully treated with pleuroperitoneal shunting.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Efficacy of computed tomography of the thorax and upper abdomen and whole-body gallium scintigraphy for staging of lung cancer.

To assess the efficacy of performing both computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and upper abdomen and whole-body gallium scintigraphy for staging lung cancer, the results of each test were compared with those obtained by chest radiography and clinical examination in 100 patients. Clinical efficacy was defined in terms of accuracy in staging the tumor based either on surgery, biopsy, or clinical and radiologic follow-up. The CT provided significantly superior accuracy in 27 patients and minor additional staging information in 17 patients compared with the gallium scan. Whole-body gallium scintigraphy provided important additional information in nine patients and minor additional information in a further eight. The diagnostic yield of CT and gallium scanning was considered equivalent in 39 cases. Of the nine cases in which gallium was significantly superior to CT, clinical findings which suggested the presence of metastases had been noted before the scan in four cases. The authors' results confirm the utility of CT for staging lung cancer and indicate that the additional yield from gallium scintigraphy is relatively low provided a thorough history and physical examination have been performed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Treatment of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with cyclic sequential ethinyl estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate.

Fifteen patients with recurrent or progressive endometrial adenocarcinoma of moderate to poor histologic differentiation were entered in a phase II trial of sequentially administered oral ethinyl estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate. There were no significant clinical responses in 12 patients evaluated for response and four patients experienced thromboembolic complications. This cyclic treatment regimen is considered ineffective for this patient population at the dosages and schedules used.

Adenocarcinoma↗