Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to W Schwemmler.
In view of the available data the present state of biogenesis research will be described. A reconstruction of the primordial cell evolution is carried through the Multistep hypothesis. The modular principle is an important criterion as a macro-mechanism of the evolution.
According to scientific procedure, each discipline first describes the phenomena of its research area, then analyzes them, and finally categorized them in a system. To date, biology has lacked such a system for its smallest building blocks, the cells. Although the theory of evolution explains certain central evolutionary mechanisms of the cell, there existed no generally accepted theory of the organization of the cell. The endocytobiotic cell theory is suggested as a possible basis for a satisfying explanation of the structure, function, information, and evolution of the cell. Furthermore, a hypothetical periodic system of the cell is developed. This system consists of eight groups, including the ecological niches fermentation, respiration, photergy, and photosynthesis (each aerobic and anaerobic) and seven periods with increasing numbers of protein biosynthesis machineries (cytoplasma, mitochondria, plastids, endocytobionts). We find furthermore, a division according to typical animal of plant cells and between these two in fungus-like cells.
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The leafhopper Euscelis incisus K (Homoptera) hosts two types of obligate intracellular symbionts (endocytobionts). The DNA molecular weight (approximately 10(8)) of endocytobionts corresponds to that of the mitochondria and plastids. They are transmitted to the next host generation by incorporation between the egg coat and egg cell in the form of an infection mass. Excision of the infection mass results in cephalothorax embryos which lack the abdomen. Endocytobionts synthesize metabolites such as vitamins, amino acids for the hists using their waste products such as urea and uric acid. The endocytobionts regulate pH, osmotic pressure and certain endogenous rhythms of their hosts. This implies that the leafhopper endocytobionts represent for the host cell not only nutrition but also genomic supplement. According to this hypothesis, the structure, function and information of endocytobionts and eukaryotic DNA-containing cell organelles are analogous; these analogies indicate that endocytobionts may provide a model for molecular analysis of eukaryotic cell system. "Endocytobiology" consequently represents a modern field of research between symbiosis and cell biology.
The insect group which includes cicadas harbours intracellular bacterial symbionts (endocytobionts) which are passed on from generation to generation in the form of a symbiont ball inserted between the egg membrane and the rear pole of the egg cell. Bioluminiescence methods can be used to measure the oscillations in ATP, ADP and AMP levels in egg systems which have been separated into a host and a symbiont egg part (Euscelidius variegatus), and which are exposed to constant light at 26 degrees C, 70% relative humidity and 7,000 lux. Comparison of the energy charge curves of host and symbiont egg parts suggests an antagonistic relationship at high frequencies, and a synchronous relationship at low frequencies (length of period 23--27 h). These relationship can, however, only be reproduced as phase-shifted oscillation patterns. The most appearing interpretation of this data is that the oscillation pattern represent a basic circadian rhythm, and that the phase-shift is produced by an underlying endogenous yearly rhythm. This, however, indicates a regulative coupling between the energy metabolism of the host egg and that of the prokaryotic egg-symbiont. Regulated correlations in the energy charge were also observed between the mitochondria and the cytoplasms/nucleus system. It follows that endocytobiosis can serve as an experimental model for the biochemical analysis of eucyte systems.
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The insect group which includes cicadas harbours intracellular bacterial symbionts which are passed on from generation to generation in the form of a 'symbiont ball' inserted between the egg membrane and the rear pole of the egg cell. Bioluminiscence methods can be used to measure the oscillations in ATP, ADP and AMP levels in egg systems which have been separated into a host and a symbiont part (Euscelidius variegatus, Euscelis incisus), and which are exposed to constant light or light-dark variations under otherwise constant conditions (26 degrees C, 70% relative humidity, 7000 lux). The energy charge can be calculated from the ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations. Comparisons of such curves suggest an 'antagonistic' relationship in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont parts of the egg. The minima of oscilaltions in the host's energy metabolism generally occur at the same time as the maxima in the endocytobionts energy metabolism. Antagonistic correlations between the nucleus/cytoplasm and mitochondria/plastids were also observed in the eucyte system. Analogies between the two systems can be explained satisfactorily by the endosymbiont theory of the origin of eucytes. It follows that insect endocytobioses can serve as an experimental model for the biochemical analysis of the eucyte system.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.