Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

W Reich

Publications and source records attributed to W Reich.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Psychiatric diagnoses in the child and adolescent members of extended families identified through adult bipolar affective disorder probands.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the type and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the child and adolescent members of extended pedigrees identified through bipolar probands. METHOD: The child and adolescent offspring (24 male, 26 female, aged 6 to 17 years) and the adult parents (60) of 14 bipolar pedigrees ascertained for the National Institutes of Mental Health Genetics Initiative Study of Bipolar Affective Disorder were personally assessed using structured psychiatric interviews. A parent was also interviewed about each child or adolescent offspring. RESULTS: Twelve of the 50 interviewed offspring received a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of an affective disorder. This included six cases of bipolar disorder, five cases of major depressive disorder, and one case of dysthymia. Eight of the offspring who received an affective disorder diagnosis also qualified for an anxiety disorder (four), a disruptive behavior disorder (two), or both (two). Offspring who had a parent with an affective disorder had a 5.1-fold higher risk for receiving an affective disorder diagnosis than did offspring with healthy parents. CONCLUSIONS: In a consecutive series of families identified through a proband with bipolar disorder, there were significant increases in the prevalence of affective disorder diagnoses in the child and adolescent offspring. The distribution of illness in offspring was compatible with the presence of important genetic factors which contribute to early-onset affective illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (PC-DISC v.3.0): parents and adolescents suggest reasons for expecting discrepant answers.

To identify reasons for discrepancies between parent and child reports of child/adolescents's psychiatric symptoms, parents and adolescents (51 pairs) were asked to guess what the other would answer to questions from the PC-DISC about the adolescent's psychiatric symptoms, and to explain why they expected disagreement when the answer they provided for the other was different from their own. Adolescents' explanations for expecting (1) parental denial of symptoms the adolescent reported were: the parent was unaware of, forgot about, assumed the adolescent could not have, or trivialized the symptom; and (2) parental report of symptoms the adolescent denied were: the parent misread or exaggerated the adolescent's symptom, had too high expectations for the adolescent's behavior, put a negative label on or did not trust the adolescent. Parents' reasons for expecting their children to (1) deny symptoms the parents reported were: the adolescent did not remember how s/he felt, lied, did not recognize or minimized the importance or frequency of the symptom; and (2) report symptoms the parents denied were: the adolescent lied, exaggerated the importance of or interpreted the symptom differently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of affective disorder in the child and adolescent offspring of a single kindred: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The study determined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the child and adolescent offspring of an extended family identified through a proband with bipolar affective disorder. METHODS: All of the not mentally retarded offspring (ages 6 to 17 years) of a single extended bipolar affective disorder pedigree were studied. Data regarding psychiatric diagnoses, intelligence, school achievement, temperament, and family functioning were collected using structured and standardized instruments. RESULTS: When the child and adolescent offspring were stratified by degree of genetic relationship to an adult with an affective disorder, there were no differences in demographic variables, IQ, school achievement, or most temperamental and family characteristics. In contrast, there were increases in the rates of affective disorders and disruptive behavior disorders in the offspring that correlated with the degree of genetic relationship to an affected adult. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing an early onset affective disorder is correlated with the degree of genetic relatedness to affected adults in this single, extended family. This pilot study demonstrates that the inclusion of extended relatives in high-risk studies can enhance the discrimination of genetic and environmental contributions to the development of affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Psychopathology in children of alcoholics.

OBJECTIVE: To assess psychopathology in 125 and 158 children who are offspring of alcoholic and control parents. METHOD: Parents and children were interviewed by means of structured interviews. Parents were interviewed about themselves and about their children. Teacher reports were obtained. A total of 158 young people ages 6 to 18 years were in the study, although some of the analyses use only 125. RESULTS: Children of alcoholic parents showed higher rates of oppositional and conduct disorders but not attention deficit disorder. Children of alcoholic parents did not have significantly higher rates of depression, but they may be at risk for anxiety. These children also showed increased incidence of alcohol and other substance use but not abuse or dependence as defined by DSM-III. Few differences were detected with respect to self-esteem and achievement tests among the groups. There were no differences in the rates of psychopathology between offspring of alcoholic versus antisocial parents. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that children of alcoholics exhibit high rates of psychopathology and may be at risk specifically for oppositional and conduct disorders but not for depression. There are few differences between alcoholics and controls with respect to self-esteem and achievement tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Psychopathology in children of alcoholic and antisocial parents.

In this controlled family study the frequency of psychiatric disorder in children of alcoholic parents was found to be higher than in children of nonalcoholic parents. The rate in children of two alcoholic parents was distinctly higher than in those of one alcoholic parent. Comparison was also made between children of antisocial parents (usually coexisting with alcoholism) and children of parents with alcoholism only; no significant differences in the rates of childhood disorder were found between these two groups. Structured diagnostic interviews independently administered to both parents and children between 6 and 17 years old were used to assess psychopathology in the children. The types of disorders in the children of alcoholic parents reflected a mixed diagnostic picture with the reports of both parents and children yielding similar results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Rules for making psychiatric diagnoses in children on the basis of multiple sources of information: preliminary strategies.

Inherent in the structured diagnostic interviewing of children is the problem of how to resolve differences between the child's own report and that of the parent about the child. A related problem concerns the use of outside source of information about the child, such as information from the teacher. In this study, the authors review the decision-making process used in the assignment of summary psychiatric diagnoses based on the child and parent reports, as well as a number of other sources of information about the child. Provisional rules for making summary diagnoses of children are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Amine colpitis].

Significance of KOH test and isonitril (isocyanide) reaction tested in 104 patients was compared with our microbial culture results. In Gardnerella vaginalis as well as in no spores forming anaerobic germs the KOH test was not and the isonitril reaction was only insignificant reliable. Both tests are not able to substitute the procedures of culturing germs including those of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Amines↗
PubMed1984

[Cathepsin D activity in human ovarian carcinoma].

In the tissue of 54 ovarian carcinomas and 38 normal human ovaries the activity of cathepsin D was determined by means of the Anson-method. In ovarian carcinomas the mean activity of cathepsin D was 4515 pmol T/s/g tissue, in normal ovarian tissue only 2119 pmol T/s/g. The difference is significant (p less than 0,001). The dependency on age of the activity of cathepsin D suitable for normal ovary, got lost in cancer tissue. There is no relationship between the amount of activity of cathepsin D and the stage of the tumour. Extreme high activities of cathepsin D were found in metastatic ovarian carcinomas. The activity of cathepsin D is higher in endometrioid and papillary than in mucigenous and hypernephroid ovarian carcinomas. The different activities of cathepsin D were discussed with regard to the invasive growth of cancer and to deranged protein metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Therapy of puerperal mastitis].

Mastitis puerperalis is a severe complication of puerperium. Results of treatment of 70 patients with mastitis by low-dose conventional X-ray irradiation and secondary inhibition of lactation by conservative physical measures are reported. Breast abscesses were observed only in 6 of 70 patients. Therefore the antiinflammatory irradiation with low-dose X-rays is a suitable method of treatment.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

[Porphyria in pregnancy].

The report concerns two cases of pregnant women, one suffering from a acute photosensitive hepatic porphyria, the other suffering from a congenital erythropoietic porphyria. The course of pregnancies with porphyria, described in the literature, the interactions between pregnancy and porphyria, the influence of hormones and drugs, the indications for interruption of pregnancy, and problems of anesthesia are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms.

To test the reliability of children's reporting as compared with that of their mothers, a highly structured psychiatric diagnostic interview was used with 307 subjects, ages 6 through 16. Another interviewer gave each mother a similar interview about the child. Responses of each mother-child pair to 168 questions were compared using the kappa statistic. Highest agreement was found on questions concerning symptoms that are concrete, observable, severe, and unambiguous. Mothers tended to report significantly more behavioral symptoms, and children more subjective symptoms. Reasons for low kappas and asymmetrical reporting of symptoms are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement on diagnosis comparing child and parent interviews.

Similar structured diagnostic interviews about the child were given by different interviewers to a cohort of 307 mother-child pairs. A diagnosis was made by computer on each interview, using specified criteria. Diagnoses on mother-child interviews were compared using the kappa statistic. Kappas of .30 or higher were found for the diagnosis of antisocial personality, conduct disorder, enuresis, mixed behavior-neurotic disorder, and possible depression. Comparisons were made for sex and age. Possible depression and enuresis were diagnosed reliably at all age levels and for both sexes. The limitations of the interview and diagnostic system used are discussed. The findings support the need for further efforts to develop diagnostic research interviews for use with children and adolescents.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1982

Psychiatry's second coming.

American psychiatry is in ideological flux. The established professional approach--the environmentalist one, the one that has concerned itself almost exclusively with the influence of the external environment on development and behavior, that has focused on individual psychology, on childhood, on the search for unconscious motivations, on psychoanalysis, on psychotherapy, on the primacy of feeling and meaning and growing, on Freud--is under serious attack. And a new approach--a biological one, one centered on the brain, on neurochemistry, on pharmacology, on medications--is rapidly gaining adherents, not only among young psychiatrists, but also in the press, among the public, and within a universe of newly hopeful and expectant patients. Some American psychiatrists, particularly those in the environmentalist camp, deny that any changes are taking place at all, or that those changes represent anything important--certainly not a significant challenge to the truth and usefulness of the traditional psychiatric concepts and practices; many of them seem perplexed about the increasing power of biologism and about the rush among younger psychiatrists to embrace it. And the biological psychiatrists themselves, or at least some of them, feel that their time has rightfully come, that their ascendance is, simply, an appropriate and direct result of the truths they bear, the science, the knowledge; they interpret their growing strength as a recognition that their explanations for abnormalities of feeling and thinking and being are more correct than the purely psychological ones, that in explaining those human functions in chemical terms they have finally and successfully brought together the mind and the body, and that the understanding of human behavior in health, as well as its therapy in illness, will ultimately be achieved most quickly and most fully through their methods of research and through their approaches to treatment.

Humans↗