Extra pituitary actions of LHRH analogues in tissues of the human female and investigation of the existence and function of LHRH-like peptides.
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Breast Neoplasms↗
Biomedical subjects
W R Miller
Publications and source records attributed to W R Miller.
Platelet-associated proteins in human breast cyst fluids.
Thrombospondin, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were measured by radioimmunoassay in fluids from 50 human breast cysts. beta-Thromboglobulin concentrations were less than 4-330 ng/ml (median 13.5 ng/ml), while normal plasma contained 14-80 ng/ml. Cyst fluids contained 8-225 ng/ml platelet factor 4 with a median of 25 ng/ml (range in plasma 6.5-29 ng/ml). Thrombospondin levels in cyst fluids were 65-55 000 ng/ml (median 2 500 ng/ml) and 92% contained concentrations above the plasma range (58-215 ng/ml). When cyst fluids were classified by their electrolyte composition, group II cysts had similar levels of platelet factor 4 but significantly higher levels of beta-thromboglobulin and thrombospondin than group I. From the remarkably high concentrations of thrombospondin within cyst fluids and the differences between cyst types, it seems that either the protein is synthesised locally or selectively accumulated. Increased platelet activation is unlikely to be the source of the high thrombospondin levels in group II cysts.
Beta-Globulins↗
Natural history of cystic disease: the importance of cyst type.
All breast cysts aspirated from a series of 100 patients followed for a minimum period of 2 years were classified on the basis of electrolyte composition as apocrine or flattened, this being the nature of the epithelium lining the two populations of breast cysts. Patients with a single cyst were more than 3 times as likely to have a flattened rather than an apocrine cyst. Multiple cysts, whether simultaneous or sequential in any individual patient, were usually all of the same type, and were more commonly apocrine than flattened. A comparison of the frequency of subsequent cysts in patients whose initial cysts were of either apocrine or flattened type showed further cysts were over 5 times more common in patients who presented with apocrine cysts. These observations suggest that the natural history of cystic disease is closely related to cyst type.
Epithelium↗
Lectin binding and steroid receptors in human breast carcinomas.
A series of breast carcinomas of known steroid receptor status have been examined for evidence of binding of the lectins peanut agglutinin, soy bean agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. Correlations were found between oestrogen receptor status and reactivity of carcinomas to peanut agglutinin and soy bean agglutinin but these were not absolute. Wheat germ agglutinin binding was unrelated to the presence of oestrogen receptors. No relationship was evident between progestogen receptors and the binding of any lectin. It therefore seems unlikely that lectin histochemistry can replace steroid receptors as markers of hormone dependence in breast carcinomas.
Arachis↗
Androgen metabolism and apocrine differentiation in human breast cancer.
Metabolism of (7 alpha-3H)testosterone has been measured in 111 human breast cancers and compared retrospectively with the degree of apocrine differentiation in the tumors. Cancers in which apocrine characteristics were a marked feature metabolized significantly more testosterone precursor than those in which apocrine features did not predominate. Higher metabolism was accounted for by increased conversion to 5 alpha-reduced products such as 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstanediols.
3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
Androgen receptor activity in human breast cancer and its relationship with oestrogen and progestogen receptor activity.
Androgen receptor activity was measured in tumours from 122 patients with breast cancer. Forty-two tumours (34%) possessed androgen receptors at levels varying from 17 to 210 fmol/mg cytosol protein (mean value 68). No relationship was detected between androgen receptors and menopausal status of the patients and whether or not lymph nodes were invaded with tumour at the time of biopsy. There were, however, significant positive correlations between the presence of androgen receptors and that of oestrogen (P less than 0.05) and of progestogen receptors (P less than 0.025). These relationships suggest that androgen receptors may be of value in predicting the hormone responsiveness of breast tumours but definitive proof of this requires clinical follow-up of the patients studied.
Breast Neoplasms↗
The relationship of cyst type to risk factors for breast cancer and the subsequent development of breast cancer in patients with breast cystic disease.
The frequency of epithelial hyperplasia and papillary apocrine change in patients with palpable breast cysts lined by either apocrine or flattened epithelium has been compared. Hyperplasia of any degree, severe hyperplasia with or without atypia and papillary apocrine change were all seen significantly more frequently in patients with clinically palpable apocrine cysts. Twelve patients were identified with breast cancer with a history of cyst aspiration, in whom all cysts aspirated could be classified as apocrine or flattened on the basis of cytology or electrolyte composition of cyst fluid. Eleven patients had single or multiple apocrine cysts and one had a single flattened cyst. This represents a significantly increased preponderance of apocrine cysts as compared with that normally seen in patients with cystic disease. The mastectomy specimens of those 11 patients with a history of apocrine cyst aspiration more frequently contained hyperplastic changes and non-invasive carcinoma than age- and menopausal-matched controls who did not have a history of cystic disease. This study suggests that patients who develop cysts lined by apocrine epithelium may be at a greater risk of subsequent breast cancer than those with flattened epithelial cysts.
Breast↗
Addictive behavior and the theory of psychological reversals.
Apter's new theory of psychological reversals is considered as a potentially useful paradigm for understanding and treating the additive behaviors. The theory departs from the usual homeostatic underpinnings of personality theory and instead posits a process of reversals between alternative, stable, and mutually exclusive states. The theory holds particular promise in accounting for certain crucial aspects of addictive behaviors including the phenomenon of relapse and the experience of loss of control. The concept of reversals may hold a key to the commonalities underlying the addictive behaviors.
Cues↗
Cyclic AMP binding proteins in human breast cancer.
The characteristics of a method for measuring cyclic AMP binding proteins in cytosols of human breast cancer are described. Using the assay, binding proteins were demonstrable in all of 100 tumour cytosols. Levels of binding in individual tumours varied from 0.8 to 15 pmol mg-1 cytosol protein (mean value 5 pmol mg-1 cytosol protein) and the dissociation constant ranged from 0.5 to 5.2 X 10(-8)M (mean 1.73 X 10(-8)M). Whilst replicate measurements within a single portion of tumour were reproducible (intra-assay coefficient of variation was between 4.5 and 7.8% and that for inter-assay variation was between 2.1 and 4.0%) there were often considerable differences in levels of binding proteins between different portions of the same tumour. Similar intra-tumour variations have been reported for other binding proteins and steroid receptors. The inter-relationships with such parameters may elucidate whether the differences are associated with variations in cellularity, cell type, or other specific factors.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Plasma oestrogens and oestrogen receptors in breast cancer patients.
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Breast Neoplasms↗
Peer-managed self-control program for prevention of alcohol abuse in American Indian high school students: a pilot evaluation study.
A peer-managed self-control program to teach responsible drinking was tested with 30 American Indian teenagers at high risk for problem drinking. Students were randomly assigned to three groups incorporating combinations of self-monitoring, peer-assisted self-control training, and alcohol education. Significant decreases were observed in quantity and frequency of drinking and in peak blood alcohol levels. These improvements were maintained at follow-ups of 4, 9, and 12 months posttreatment. Self-report data were corroborated by breath tests and official records. No group differences were found, indicating that minimal and full program interventions had comparable effects.
Adolescent↗
An analysis of the content and morphology of human breast microcysts.
The composition of 40 human breast microcysts, dissected from eight biopsy and 14 mastectomy specimens has been analysed. All contained high concentrations of the androgen conjugate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, the median value being more than 1000 times that of plasma. In ten cysts sufficient fluid was available for cationic analysis and in all the potassium concentration exceeded that of sodium. This composition suggests an apocrine derivation of the constituents of breast microcysts. This is substantiated by the finding of PAS diastase positive granules in the epithelium lining all 40 microcysts. These findings indicate that there is a single population of breast microcysts which are lined by epithelium with apocrine secretory activity.
Body Fluids↗
Pulmonary function adaptation to ozone in subjects with chronic bronchitis.
Twenty smokers with chronic bronchitis were exposed to 0.41 ppm ozone for 3 hr-day for 5 consecutive days and reexposed 4 days later to determine (1) if they are sensitive to ozone, (2) if they adapt, and (3) if the adaptation lasts longer than 4 days. There were significant decrements in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 3 sec ( FEV3 ) on the first day of the 5-day repeated exposures and also on reexposure 4 days following cessation of the sequential exposures. Symptoms experienced were mild and did not predominate on any exposure days. These results suggest that individuals with chronic bronchitis adapt rapidly to ozone and lose this adaptive phenomenon within 4 days. The small decreases seen in FVC and FEV3 (less than or equal to 3%) appear to impose no more than minimal limitations on their daily activities.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Prostaglandins in human mammary cancer.
Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) were measured by Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GLC-MS) in extracts of 100 human mammary carcinomas. All tumours contained measurable amounts of both prostaglandins but wide variations between individual tumours were observed. Values for PGE2 ranged from 7 to 762 ng g-1 tissue with a median of 100 ng g-1 tissue. Values for PGF2 alpha ranged from 3 to 475 ng g-1 tissue (median 60 ng g-1 tissue). There was a highly significant positive correlation between amounts of the 2 prostaglandins in individual tumours. Amounts of both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were not significantly related to the menopausal status of the patients or the presence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Sulfur dioxide and ammonium sulfate effects on pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity in human subjects.
The effect of exposures to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 500 micrograms/m3 respirable ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] was studied in 20 nonsmoking subjects to determine if a response can be measured at these atmospheric levels and if the response is additive or synergistic. Four-hour separate and combined exposures were employed. Each subject acted as his or her own control and performed two light-to-moderate exercise stints (612 kg-m/min) for 15 minutes on each day's confinement in the environmental chamber. Pulmonary function tests (body plethysmography and spirometry) and bronchial reactivity to methacholine were performed to assess the response of these exposures. No significant changes in pulmonary function or bronchial reactivity were observed in the individual exposures [(NH4)2SO4 or SO2], the combined exposure [(NH4)2SO4 and SO2], or 24 hours post-exposure. This study design and the observed results did not demonstrate any readily apparent risk to healthy subjects with these exposures. Since no significant changes were measured, it was not possible to conclude if these two pollutants in combination produce an additive or synergistic response.
Adult↗
pH of human breast cyst fluids.
The pH of 106 human breast cyst fluids has been measured immediately following aspiration. Values ranged from pH 6.3 to 7.8. They correlated with the ratio of Na+ to K+ in cyst fluid and differed significantly in the two populations of fluids which can be defined on electrolyte composition. Storage of cyst fluid for one month at -20 degrees C resulted in an increase in pH by a mean of 0.9 of a unit. pH provides a simple method for typing cyst fluids and this may be of clinical importance as there is evidence that there are differences in the natural history and association with breast cancer in the two populations of breast cysts.
Apocrine Glands↗
Protein concentrations in fluid from gross cystic disease of the breast.
Wide variations in the concentrations of IgA, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme and albumin were found in 96 cyst fluids obtained from 75 patients with gross cystic disease of the breast. Sedimentation coefficient determination were performed on 19 of the cyst fluids with the highest IgA concentrations in an attempt to discover the basis for the wide variation and two types of cyst fluids were found: cyst fluids that resembled external secretions such as colostrum of milk with the IgA wholly or predominantly in the 11S (secretory) form, and low concentrations of IgG and albumin, and cyst fluids that resembled serum with the IgA wholly or predominantly in the 7S (serum) form, and high concentrations of IgG and albumin. Some cyst fluids contained low concentrations of all proteins measured, and no relationship was observed between the concentrations of the proteins studied, and age, parity or menstrual status.
Adult↗
The morphological basis of human breast cyst populations.
Forty human cysts have been examined to determine the relationship between the epithelial lining and the content of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in the cyst fluid. The ratios of Na+ to K+ for cysts lined by flattened epithelium were higher in all cases than the values obtained for cysts lined by apocrine epithelium. These findings suggest a morphological basis for the two populations of human breast cyst fluids which can be defined on cationic content.
Breast Diseases↗