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W Kindermann

Publications and source records attributed to W Kindermann.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Effectiveness of low-intensity endurance training.

Recent studies point to the preventive efficacy of low-intensity endurance training in terms of cardiovascular risk factor modification and mortality reduction. In addition, it is frequently recommended as a means of stimulating fat metabolism. It was the intention of this study to clarify if endurance training effectiveness remains unimpaired when exercise intensity is reduced by a certain amount from "moderate" to "low", but total energy expenditure held constant. For this purpose, 39 healthy untrained subjects (44 +/- 7 yrs, 82 +/- 19 kg; 173 +/- 9 cm) were stratified for endurance capacity and sex and randomly assigned to 3 groups: "moderate intensity" (MOD, n = 13, 5 sessions per week, 30 min each, intensity 90 % of the anaerobic threshold [baseline lactate + 1.5 mmol/l]), "low intensity" (LOW, n = 13, 5 sessions per week, intensity 15 bpm below MOD, duration proportionally longer to arrive at the same total energy output as MOD), and control (CO, n = 13, no training). Training was conducted over 12 weeks and each session monitored by means of portable heart rate (HR) recorders. Identical treadmill protocols prior to and after the training program served for exercise prescription and documentation of endurance effects. VO (2max) improved similarly in both training groups (MOD + 1.5 ml x min (-1) x kg (-1); LOW + 1.7 ml x min (-1) x kg (-1); p = 0.97 between groups). Compared with CO (- 1.0 ml x min (-1) x kg (-1)) this effect was significant for LOW (p < 0.01) whereas there was only a tendency for MOD (p = 0.07). However, objective criteria (HR (max), maximal blood lactate) indicated that a different degree of effort was responsible for this finding. In comparison with CO (mean decrease of 3 bpm), average HR during incremental exercise decreased significantly by 9 bpm (MOD, p < 0.05 vs. CO) and 6 bpm (LOW, p = 0.26), respectively. However, there was no significant difference between MOD and LOW (p = 0.60), but for changes in oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO (2AT)) it was observed that MOD was significantly more effective than CO (p = 0.048) and LOW (p = 0.04). It is concluded that within a middle-aged population of healthy untrained subjects, endurance training effectiveness might be slightly impaired when the training heart rate is chosen 15 bpm lower as compared to moderate intensity, but the total energy output held equal.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for injuries in elite female soccer players.

OBJECTIVE: To describe risk factors for injuries in elite female soccer. METHODS: A total of 143 female soccer players from the German national league participated in the study. Baseline information on player characteristics--for example, anthropometric measurements and playing position--and medical history were recorded at the start of the study. During one outdoor season, injuries and training and match exposure times were prospectively documented for each player. RESULTS: The risk of a new anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture was significantly increased in players with a previous rupture (odds ratio (OR) = 5.24, p = 0.01). This was not the case for ankle sprain (OR = 1.39) or knee sprain (OR = 1.50). In addition, no significantly increased risk of new sprains or ACL ruptures was found when the injured leg was the unit of analysis. Injury incidence was considerably higher in defenders (9.4 injuries per 1000 hours exposure) and strikers (8.4/1000 hours) than goalkeepers (4.8/1000 hours) and midfielders (4.6/1000 hours). Ten per cent of all players (n = 14) sustained more than three injuries. Most of these were defenders (n = 8) or strikers (n = 4). Significantly more injuries occurred to the dominant leg (105 v 71, p = 0.01); this was particularly true for contact injuries (52 v 29, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Injury risk should be assessed on an individual basis. Therefore it seems appropriate to individualise preventive training programmes, as is recommended for other training content. Evaluating the existing rules of soccer and their appropriate application may also help to decrease injury risk, particularly in contact situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Bicuspid aortic valve: evaluation of the ability to participate in competitive sports: case reports of two soccer players.

UNLABELLED: Two competitive soccer players aged 23 and 17 years with known bicuspid aortic valve presented for sports-medical pre-participation screening. Both athletes were well trained and had a maximal oxygen uptake of 61 and 60 ml/min/kg, respectively. Echocardiography of the first athlete revealed an eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (end-diastolic diameter 58-59 mm, septal and posterior myocardial wall thickness 12-13 mm) with good systolic and diastolic function and a functional bicuspid aortic valve with mild regurgitation. In the second athlete, echocardiography showed a bicuspid aortic valve with moderate regurgitation and a relative stenosis, a hypertrophied left ventricle (end-diastolic diameter 62-63 mm, myocardial wall thickness 13-16 mm) and dilation of the ascending aorta of 46 mm, which was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. According to international guidelines, the first athlete was allowed to participate in competitive soccer. Nevertheless, regular cardiologic examinations in intervals of 6 months were recommended. In the second case, the athlete was not allowed to take part in competitive sports due to the extended ecstasy of the ascending aorta and the concomitant risk of an aortic rupture. In addition, the left ventricular hypertrophy has to be considered as pathologic. Therefore, the athlete was only allowed to exercise in recreational sports with low and easily controllable intensities. CONCLUSION: In athletes with bicuspid aortic valve, besides the evaluation of the aortic valve, physiologic adaptations of the heart have to be differentiated from pathological changes. Furthermore, the aorta deserves special attention, because in the case of a (probably genetically determined) dilated ascending aorta, an elevated risk for aortic rupture is present during intensive and competitive exercise. A general judgement in athletes with bicuspid aortic valves on their ability to participate in competitive sports is, therefore, not possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of inline speedskating--incremental tests and effect of drafting.

Competitive inline speedskating combines a movement pattern similar to speedskating on ice with pack-oriented competition modes known from cycling. The deep-seated body position leads to high static load and, thus, restricted blood flow within propulsive muscles. This condition may affect lactate kinetics and limit V.O (2peak). The present study compares physiologic reactions to graded cycling and skating exercise among top-level inline speedskaters and quantifies the effect of drafting. Eight male inline speedskaters of the top national level were examined. The study consisted of two graded exhaustive exercise tests (cycling and speedskating) and a pairwise drafting test. All tests were carried out with simultaneous gas exchange (MetaMax 2, Cortex, Germany) and heart rate measurements as well as determination of blood lactate concentrations. Maximal values of oxygen consumption (cycling: 4.91 +/- 0.60; skating: 4.85 +/- 0.50 l . min (-1); p = 0.78), lactate concentration, or heart rate were similar for cycling and skating. At workloads corresponding to blood lactate concentrations of 4 mmol . l (-1) oxygen uptake (cycling: 3.24 +/- 0.65; skating: 3.97 +/- 0.40 l . min (-1); p < 0.05) and heart rate (cycling: 162 +/- 9; skating: 173 +/- 6 min (-1); p < 0.05) were significantly higher during skating. The differences in heart rate ranged between - 2 and 23 min (-1). The drafting effect was 15 +/- 6 % at 30 km . h (-1) (3.34 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.83 +/- 0.29 l . min (-1)) and 14 +/- 5 % at 33 km . h (-1) (3.87 +/- 0.26 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.27 l . min (-1)). During inline speedskating the attainment of VO2peak is not impaired when compared to cycling exercise. However, the derivation of exercise prescriptions from a stepwise cycling test does not seem appropriate. The drafting effect of inline speedskating is within the range known from cycling.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cardiocirculatory and metabolic responses at different walking intensities.

OBJECTIVES: Although walking is a common physical activity, scientifically based training guidelines using standardised tests have not been established. Therefore this explorative study investigated the cardiovascular and metabolic load resulting from different walking intensities derived from maximal velocity (Vmax) during an incremental treadmill walking test. METHODS: Oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), blood concentrations of lactate and catecholamines, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded in 16 recreational athletes (mean (SD) age 53 (9) years) during three 30 minute walking trials at 70%, 80%, and 90% of Vmax (V70, V80, and V90) attained during an incremental treadmill walking test. RESULTS: Mean (SD) oxygen uptake was 18.2 (2.3), 22.3 (3.1), and 29.3 (5.0) ml/min/kg at V70, V80, and V90 respectively (p<0.001). V70 led to a mean HR of 110 (9) beats/min (66% HRmax), V80 to 124 (9) beats/min (75% HRmax), and V90 to 152 (13) beats/min (93% HRmax) (p<0.001). Mean (SD) lactate concentrations were 1.1 (0.2), 1.8 (0.6), and 3.9 (2.0) mmol/l at V70, V80, and V90 respectively (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between catecholamine concentrations at the different intensities. Rating of perceived exertion was 10 (2) at V70, 12 (2) at V80, and 15 (2) at V90. Twelve subjects reported muscular complaints during exercise at V90 but not at V70 and V80. CONCLUSIONS: Intensity and heart rate prescriptions for walking training can be derived from an incremental treadmill walking test. The cardiovascular and metabolic reactions observed suggest that V80 is the most efficient workload for training in recreational athletes. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed2006

Inhaled beta2 agonists and performance in competitive athletes.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of the current literature on the use of inhaled beta2 agonists in non-asthmatic competitive athletes, and to assess the performance enhancing effect of inhaled beta2 agonists. METHODS: Review of the literature. RESULTS: Twenty randomised, placebo controlled studies (19 double blind, one single blind) were located. Only three studies reported a performance enhancing effect of inhaled beta2 agonists. However, methodological shortcomings were most likely responsible for these findings (for example, non-elite athletes, inconsistent results in different tests, subgroups with above-average responsiveness). CONCLUSIONS: This review reveals that there is no ergogenic potential of inhaled beta2 agonists in non-asthmatic athletes. In view of the epidemiology of asthma in athletes and the considerable workload involved in provision of therapeutic use exemptions the inclusion of inhaled beta2 agonists on the list of prohibited substances should be reconsidered.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

Peak oxygen uptake. Myth and truth about an internationally accepted reference value.

This article critically examines the execution of VO(2)-peak testing in cardiac patients and questions their appropriate interpretation. In the first part, the most common clinical implications of VO(2)peak measurements are discussed: assessment of (changes in) functional capacity, evaluation of the necessity of invasive diagnostic/therapeutic measures, reference for exercise prescriptions, determination of prognosis. In the second part, important methodological problems and constraints are addressed and illustrated by references to scientific studies. Finally, recommendations are given for meaningful VO(2)peak testing. It is evident that failure to strictly follow such recommendations might result in misleading ergometric findings and, thus, in over- or underestimation of endurance capacity and/ or training effects.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Ambulatory gas exchange measurements--current status and future options.

This article summarizes the scientific literature on portable devices used for the measurement of gas exchange during exercise. Firstly, the results from validity investigations are reviewed in terms of accuracy, reliability, and influence of additional weight during field testing. On the basis of these findings, at least two of the most often tested portable devices, MetaMax I/II and K2/K4 b (2), can be regarded as valid, with their results not differing substantially from (stationary) metabolic carts. The second part of the article provides an overview of ambulatory gas exchange applications which have been investigated so far. There is a number of descriptive (cross-sectional) studies that characterize the physiological profiles of different sports. In addition, some diagnostic tests of functional capacity have been validated, and a few investigations have assessed nutritional interventions and their effect on metabolism. Some indicate potential future directions including an evaluation of the efficacy of modifying metabolic pathways during exercise, e. g. by specifically designed training. Also, the extension of descriptive/cross-sectional investigations to typical training sessions will be worthwhile.

Exercise Test↗
PubMed2005

A conceptual framework for performance diagnosis and training prescription from submaximal gas exchange parameters--theory and application.

The first part of this article intends to give an applicable framework for the evaluation of endurance capacity as well as for the derivation of exercise prescription by the use of two gas exchange thresholds: aerobic (AerTGE) and anaerobic (AnTGE). AerT GE corresponds to the first increase in blood lactate during incremental exercise whereas AnTGE approximates the maximal lactate steady state. With very few constraints, they are valid in competitive athletes, sedentary subjects, and patients. In the second part of the paper, the practical application of gas exchange thresholds in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is described, thereby further validating the 2-threshold model. It is shown that AerTGE and AnTGE can reliably distinguish between different states of endurance capacity and that they can well detect training-induced changes. Factors influencing their relationship to the maximal oxygen uptake are discussed. Finally, some approaches of using gas exchange thresholds for exercise prescription in athletes, healthy subjects, and chronically diseased patients are addressed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Does prolonged cycling of moderate intensity affect immune cell function?

BACKGROUND: Prolonged exercise may induce temporary immunosuppression with a presumed increased susceptibility for infection. However, there are only few data on immune cell function after prolonged cycling at moderate intensities typical for road cycling training sessions. METHODS: The present study examined the influence on immune cell function of 4 h of cycling at a constant intensity of 70% of the individual anaerobic threshold. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte and lymphocyte populations, activities of natural killer (NK), neutrophils, and monocytes were examined before and after exercise, and also on a control day without exercise. RESULTS: Cycling for 4 h induced a moderate acute phase response with increases in IL-6 from 1.0 (SD 0.5) before to 9.6 (5.6) pg/ml 1 h after exercise and CRP from 0.5 (SD 0.4) before to 1.8 (1.3) mg/l 1 day after exercise. Although absolute numbers of circulating NK cells, monocytes, and neutrophils increased during exercise, on a per cell basis NK cell activity, neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis, and monocyte oxidative burst did not significantly change after exercise. However, a minor effect over time for neutrophil oxidative burst was noted, tending to decrease after exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged cycling at moderate intensities does not seem to seriously alter the function of cells of the first line of defence. Therefore, the influence of a single typical road cycling training session on the immune system is only moderate and appears to be safe from an immunological point of view.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed2004

Can serum NT-proBNP detect changes of functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure?

Recently, in a cross-sectional study, a correlation of moderate degree was documented between serum BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, it remains unknown if BNP, which increases in response to high myocardial wall stress, is sufficiently sensitive for changes in exercise capacity during clinical follow-up. To elucidate this, 42 CHF patients were recruited and randomized into a training (T; 58 +/- 10 years; n = 14 NYHA II; n = 5 NYHA III) and a control group (CO; 54 +/- 9, n = 17 NYHA II; n = 6 NYHA III). T carried out 12 weeks of endurance training on a cycle ergometer (4 sessions per week, 45 min duration). Venous blood sampling and cycle ergometry with simultaneous gas exchange measurements were carried out prior to and after the experimental phase. Due to its superior stability during laboratory procedures, NTproBNP was determined instead of BNP. Both proteins are secreted in equimolar amounts and share an identical diagnostic meaning. In both groups, NT-proBNP decreased slightly (T: from 1092 +/- 980 to 805 +/- 724 pg x ml(-1); CO: from 1075 +/- 1068 to 857 +/- 1138 pg x ml(-1); T vs CO: p = 0.65). Anaerobic threshold (AT) as a measure of exercise capacity went up in T (from 0.96 +/- 0.17 to 1.10 +/- 0.22 l x min(-1)) but remained almost constant in CO (pre: 1.02 +/- 0.27; post: 1.00 +/- 0.27 l x min(-1); T vs CO: p < 0.001). The correlation between changes in NT-proBNP and changes in AT remained insignificant (r = 0.02, p = 0.89)-even if only T was considered (r = 0.09, p = 0.72). Improved exercise capacity in CHF patients due to 3 months of endurance training is not reflected in the course of NT-proBNP. These findings are inconsistent with a sufficient sensitivity of this parameter to detect changes in exercise capacity during clinical follow-up. Changes in NT-proBNP beyond its spontaneous variability are more likely to be detected following therapeutical interventions which aim more clearly at the myocardium. In determining alterations of functional capacity ergometric testing cannot be replaced by serial determinations of NT-proBNP.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Is lactic acidosis a cause of exercise induced hyperventilation at the respiratory compensation point?

OBJECTIVES: The respiratory compensation point (RCP) marks the onset of hyperventilation ("respiratory compensation") during incremental exercise. Its physiological meaning has not yet been definitely determined, but the most common explanation is a failure of the body's buffering mechanisms which leads to metabolic (lactic) acidosis. It was intended to test this experimentally. METHODS: During a first ramp-like exercise test on a cycle ergometer, RCP (range: 2.51-3.73 l x min(-1) oxygen uptake) was determined from gas exchange measurements in five healthy subjects (age 26-42; body mass index (BMI) 20.7-23.9 kg x m(-2); Vo(2peak) 51.3-62.1 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)). On the basis of simultaneous determinations of blood pH and base excess, the necessary amount of bicarbonate to completely buffer the metabolic acidosis was calculated. This quantity was administered intravenously in small doses during a second, otherwise identical, exercise test. RESULTS: In each subject sufficient compensation for the acidosis, that is, a pH value constantly above 7.37, was attained during the second test. A delay but no disappearance of the hyperventilation was present in all participants when compared with the first test. RCP occurred on average at a significantly (p = 0.043) higher oxygen uptake (+0.15 l x min(-1)) compared with the first test. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time it was directly demonstrated that exercise induced lactic acidosis is causally involved in the hyperventilation which starts at RCP. However, it does not represent the only additional stimulus of ventilation during intense exercise. Muscle afferents and other sensory inputs from exercising muscles are alternative triggering mechanisms.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed2004

Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reversibility of adverse cardiovascular effects after chronic abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in athletes. METHODS: Doppler echocardiography and cycle ergometry including measurements of blood pressure at rest and during exercise were undertaken in 32 bodybuilders or powerlifters, including 15 athletes who had not been taking AAS for at least 12 months (ex-users) and 17 currently abusing AAS (users), as well as in 15 anabolic-free weightlifters. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure was higher in users (mean (SD) 140 (10) mm Hg) than in ex-users (130 (5) mm Hg) (p < 0.05) or weightlifters (125 (10) mm Hg; p < 0.001). Left ventricular muscle mass related to fat-free body mass and the ratio of mean left ventricular wall thickness to internal diameter were not significantly higher in users (3.32 (0.48) g/kg and 42.1 (4.4)%) than in ex-users (3.16 (0.53) g/kg and 40.3 (3.8)%), but were lower in weightlifters (2.43 (0.26) g/kg and 36.5 (4.0)%; p < 0.001). Left ventricular wall thickness related to fat-free body mass was also lower in weightlifters, but did not differ between users and ex-users. Left ventricular wall thickness was correlated with a point score estimating AAS abuse in users (r = 0.49, p < 0.05). In all groups, systolic left ventricular function was within the normal range. The maximum late transmitral Doppler flow velocity (Amax) was higher in users (61 (12) cm/s) and ex-users (60 (12) cm/s) than in weightlifters (50 (9) cm/s; p < 0.05 and p = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Several years after discontinuation of anabolic steroid abuse, strength athletes still show a slight concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in comparison with AAS-free strength athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Competitive sports and dilated cardiomyopathy: the case of a 32-year-old soccer player with ventricular tachycardia].

HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 32-year-old competitive soccer player presented with palpitations he had felt for 4 weeks during maximal activity (soccer training and match). The physical examination and an exercise electrocardiogram were carried out by his general practitioner up to 19 s at 350 W and a heart rate of 147/min without showing any abnormalities. INVESTIGATIONS: All blood parameters revealed no signs of illness. During treadmill exercise at a heart rate of 181/min, a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced. Echocardiography showed a dilated left ventricle with an enddiastolic diameter of 70 mm and low fractional shortening (28 %). Cardiac catheterization demonstrated a diminished left ventricular ejection fraction (38 %) and an enlarged enddiastolic volume (199 ml) without signs of coronary artery disease. Electrophysiologic testing induced a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND COURSE: The echocardiographic and angiographic results indicated a dilated cardiomyopathy. Competitive sports activities were stopped and treatment with a beta-blocker (metoprolol) and an ACE-antagonist (ramipril) was started. CONCLUSION: In young male and female athletes, the possibility of severe cardiac abnormalities have to be considered even in the presence of good physical fitness and performance. To reach a high sensitivity for diagnostic ergometry, the work-load must reach the maximal capacity of the cardio-pulmonary system. Differences in the exercise performance of athletes and untrained subjects have to be considered.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2003

[Left ventricular mass in endurance-athletes with athlete's heart and untrained subjects--comparison between different echocardiographic methods and MRI].

UNLABELLED: The echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass (LVM) and volume is of importance for the interpretation of cardiac adaptations and risk-stratification. In pathologically hypertrophied hearts, conventional one- and two-dimensional echocardiographic methods tend to overestimate LVM. For the athlete's heart, a comparison between different echocardiographic methods and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been performed so far. 23 healthy male endurance-athletes (28+/-4 yr) with athlete's heart (A) and 26 healthy untrained males (U; 26+/-4 yr) were examined by MRI and the following echocardiographic methods: ASE-Cube (ASE), Devereux (DEV), Troy (TRO), Teichholz (TEI), Reichek (REI) and Dickhuth (DIC). Indexed LVM were: MRI: 107+/-6 g/m(2) (A), 79+/-7 g/m(2) (U); ASE: 170+/-20 g/m(2) (A), 119+/-14 g/m(2) (U); DEV: 134+/-16 g/m(2) (A), 95+/-11 g/m(2) (U); TRO: 134+/-16 g/m(2) (A), 92+/-12 g/m(2) (U); TEI: 115+/-10 g/m(2) (A), 91+/-8 g/m(2) (U); REI: 114+/-14 g/m(2) (A), 89+/-11 g/m(2) (U); DIC: 110+/-14 g/m(2) (A); 80+/-9 g/m(2) (U). In A and U, LVM is significantly overestimated by ASE, DEV, TRO, TEI, and REI compared to MRI (p<0.05), but not by DIC. Although coefficients of correlation were similar, only DIC revealed acceptable limits of agreement (ASE: +20 to +172 g; DEV: -13 to +93 g; TRO: -18 to +92 g; TEI: -17 to +53 g; REI: -25 to +57 g; DIC: -37 to +45 g). Depending on the used method, LVM upper limits range between 93 (MRT) and 146 g/m(2) (ASE) in U, and 119 (MRT) and 209 g/m(2) (ASE) in A. CONCLUSION: Compared to MRI, DIC is the most accurate conventional echocardiographic method to determine LVM in U and A. For a correct interpretation of LVM, differences of the echocardiographic methods have to be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sport specific performance diagnosis in rowing: an incremental graded exercise test in coxless pairs.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an incremental graded exercise test performed in the rowing boat(coxless pair) in order to give specific performance evaluation data. Furthermore, an attempt was made to transfer these data to training recommendations. Thirty-four female rowers of national and international level performed a 4 x 6 min incremental graded exercise test GXT(boat) in coxless pairs on a lake (6 km, no wind, no waves). The boat velocity on the water (V; measured by a speedometer PACE COACH) was increased continuously from 3.55 m x s-I to 4.03 m x s-1. The individual anaerobic threshold(IAT) was determined by means of the lactate (LA) kinetics during and after exercise. Within 28 days all subjects performed arowing ergometry test GXT(ergo); Gjessing rowing ergometer: 40 watts increments every 3 min) as well as 70 min of constant endurance training in the boat in moderate velocity (ET; n- 10 pairs because of changing weather conditions). Results for V/LAIHR at IAT are: GXT(boat): 3.84+/- 0.10 m x s-1/2.44 +/- 0.66 mmol x 1-1/172 + 11 min(-1); GXT(ergo): 206+/-10 watts/2.53 +0.40 mmol x 1-171 +/- 10 min-' (means+/-SD). The Spearman rank order test showed significant correlations for HR (p < 0.001) and the mean performances of the coxless pairs (p < 0.05). A'5 % lower V during ET lead to a 10% lower HR and a 30% lower LA compared to the values at IAT. In conclusion, both a performance specific evaluation and velocity oriented control of training are possible by means of a 4 x 6 min incremental graded exercise test in coxlesspairs. However, this test on the water requires almost perfect weather conditions. The HR recommendations based on GXT (ergo) were confirmed during GXT(boat).

Adult↗