Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) spontaneously form, over a range of ionic strength I and pH, dense fluids rich in both macroions. To study their nanostructure, these coacervates were prepared at low I and high pH (strong interaction) or at high I and lower pH (weaker interaction), with polymer MWs ranging from 90K to 700K, and then examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology. DLS shows a dominant and surprisingly fast protein diffusional mode independent of polymer MW; accompanied by robust slow modes, slower by 1-2 orders of magnitude, which are also insensitive to MW and are present regardless of I, pH, and sample aging. High MW sensitivity was observed by rheology for the terminal time (order of milliseconds), which increased as well with the strength of polyelectrolyte-protein interaction. Viscoelastic behavior also indicated a tenuous network, solidlike at low strain but re-forming after breakage by shear. Two models, both of which have strengths and defects, are put forward: (I) macroion-rich domains dispersed in a continuum of macroion-poor domains near the percolation limit and (II) a semidilute solution of PDADMAC chains with interchain friction modulated by transient BSA-PDADMAC association.

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Changes in the causes of blindness in childhood over the last hundred years.

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Blindness↗

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Television reading system.

The value of the television reading aid system is discussed, in the training of visually handicapped children.

Child↗

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Capecitabine in treatment of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer.

The aim of this study was to analyze the toxicity and response rate of capecitabine in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer resistant to platinum and paclitaxel. Fourteen patients were enrolled in this phase I/II protocoL Capecitabine was administered orally in a dose of 2500 mg/m2/24 hours. A single therapy cycle consisted of a 2-week treatment, followed by a 2-week treatment-free interval. Patients were eligible for response evaluation if they completed more than one cycle of capecitabine. Cessation of chemotherapy due to toxicity was necessary in two patients. Diarrhea and hand-foot syndrome were the most common side-effects. In twelve patients eligible for response, there was one complete responder (8.3%), two partial responders (16.7%) and no change in three patients (25.0%). Progression of disease occurred in six patients (50.0%). Capecitabine exhibits antitumoral activity in ovarian cancer resistant to platinum and paclitaxel and should be evaluated in further studies.

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The foundation of experimental ophthalmology by Theodor Leber.

Theodor Leber grew up in Heidelberg as the son of a professor of Romance languages. Initially he planned to study natural sciences. Bunsen's advice led him to medicine. During his studies he succeeded in solving a competition problem posed by Helmholtz in the medical department. A short period of practical work in the eye hospital of Knapp was unsatisfactory. In Vienna with the physiologist Carl Ludwig, he was able in 1863/64, at the age of only 24 years, to demonstrate the blood circulation of the eye by color injections into the arteries and veins. Since that time the schematic drawings of his results can be found in every textbook of ophthalmology. On the occasion of the congress of the German Ophthalmological Society in Heidelberg in 1864, Theodor Leber reported on these findings and met with immense approval. In 1864-67 he followed an invitation as coworker of Liebreich to Paris; in 1867 he became A.v. Graefe's coworker in Berlin; in 1871 he moved to Göttingen, which became the first eye clinic with a laboratory for experimental investigations. The second epoch-making discovery accomplished by Leber was the detection of the fluid exchange in the eye. These results have also been confirmed by modern methods. Therefore, Theodor Leber can be called the father of experimental ophthalmology.

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Eye votives in Greek antiquity.

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Eye↗