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W Humbert

Publications and source records attributed to W Humbert.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of the elemental composition of the pineal gland of young adults and aged rats.

Fractures of deep-frozen and freeze-dried pineal glands were analysed for elemental composition by means of X-ray microanalysis with a scanning electron microscope. The results from young adults (3 months old) were compared with those from aged animals (24 months old); significant increases in S, Ca, Al, Si, and Fe were observed in aged animals when compared to young adults. There were no significant differences with Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, whereas a decrease of P was observed in aged animals when compared to young adults. Whether the changes observed in elemental composition have a direct effect on the activity and production of metalloenzymes and the overall physiology of the pineal gland are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Calcium concretions in the pineal gland of aged rats: an ultrastructural and microanalytical study of their biogenesis.

The genesis of calcium concretions in aged rats was studied by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The potassium pyroantimonate method, combined with X-ray microanalysis, allowed us to study the distribution of cations and calcium. Notable accumulations of calcium (associated with phosphorus) were localized in vesicles, vacuoles, lipid droplets, lipopigments, and mitochondria of dark pinealocytes. The results obtained in the present investigation suggest that these organelles are involved in the genesis of the concretions. The presence of sulfur indicates the existence of an organic matrix. We propose that genesis takes place in dark pinealocytes, which contain more calcium than light pinealocytes. Mineralization foci are sometimes associated with cellular debris and enlarge by further apposition of material. Two types of concretions, as determined by electron microscopy and confirmed by electron diffraction, could be observed: the "amorphous" type with concentric layers and the crystalline type with needle-shaped crystals. Once formed, the concretions reach the extracellular space and the cell breaks down. Possible extracellular calcification is suggested in the extracellular calcium-rich floculent material. The mineralization process is interpreted as being an age-related phenomenon and mainly a consequence of the degeneration of pinealocytes.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

The pineal gland of the aging rat: calcium localization and variation in the number of pinealocytes.

In the present study, we investigated the population of pinealocytes in the pineal gland of aging rats. Dark and light pinealocytes were analyzed as to their calcium content. Calcium localization was realized in dark and light cells by means of cytochemistry and X-ray microanalysis. Calcium was mainly localized in dark pinealocytes characterized by many ultrastructural signs of degeneration. The number of pinealocytes per square surface of aged rats (28 months) was compared to young ones (3-4 months). While there is a significant increase in the number of dark pinealocytes there is a decrease in the total number of pinealocytes in aged rats. This age-related loss of pinealocytes may explain the age-related functional decline of the pineal gland activity (e.g., the decrease of the nocturnal melatonin production).

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Permeability of the pineal gland of the rat to lanthanum: significance of dark pinealocytes.

The permeability of the pineal gland to lanthanum was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Different pineal cell populations were studied. Light pinealocytes as well as glial cells were not permeated by the tracer lanthanum, which normally stays extracellularly. Dark pinealocytes showing different degrees of degenerative changes are permeated by lanthanum. The loss of plasma membrane integrity explains the entry of lanthanum into these cells. We conclude: (1) the lanthanum tracer can be used as an indicator of an alteration in membrane permeability, (2) dark pinealocytes appear as cells in the state of degeneration and represent a different physiological state than light pinealocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Calcium content and concretions of pineal glands of young and old rats. A scanning and X-ray microanalytical study.

Calcium content and pineal concretions were studied in young (2-3 months) and old (28 months) Wistar rats. Samples, deep-frozen by liquid propane isopentane and freeze-dried were analysed by means of X-ray microanalysis in a scanning electron microscope. Total semi-quantitative measurements revealed that pineals of old rats showed a marked increase of calcium compared with the pineals of young rats. It is thus suggested that a calcium-rich environment is responsible for the growth of pineal concretions, which only appear in old rats. Pineal calcifications in rats could thus be an indicator of aging and/or of a degenerating state.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Role of intestinal mucus in crystal biogenesis: an electron-microscopical, diffraction and X-ray microanalytical study.

In the posterior intestine of the sea-water eel, mucus plays an important role in biocrystallization of calcium ions. By means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy associated with X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction it has been possible to determine the role of mucous fibers as nucleation sites. Biocrystallization occurs in 2 steps: (1) Calcification of mucus. As soon as mucus is excreted in the intestinal lumen, it is loaded with calcium, as shown by lanthanum affinity and X-ray microanalysis on freeze-dried tissues. (2) Genesis of crystals. Needle-shaped crystallites build up in coalescent spherites in the intestinal lumen near the microvilli. Genesis occurs as follows: (a) crystallite mineralization by nucleation in an organic matrix composed of glycoproteinaceous mucous fibers, followed by the appearance of spherites; (b) coalescence in spherites and association of spherites in rhombohedra; (c) extrusion of organic material during the final step of crystallization.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Transmucosal passage of polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules as a new drug carrier in the small intestine.

The enteral absorption of particles has been investigated in the dog using a colloidal drug carrier, polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules loaded with an iodized oil (Lipiodol), as a tracer for X-ray microprobe analysis in a scanning electron microscope. Nanocapsules are spherical capsules, 100 to 200 nm in diameter, with a continuous polymeric wall surrounding a cavity which encapsulates the drug. Administered in the jejunal lumen, Lipiodol nanocapsules improved the absorption of the tracer as indicated by increased concentration of iodine in the plasma of mesenteric blood. In order to follow nanocapsules at the cellular level, all tissue compartments were preserved in a life-like state by cryofixation and freeze-drying of intestinal biopsies. Nanocapsules appeared in the intestinal lumen close to the mucus, then in intercellular spaces and defects of the mucosa and finally in the lamina propria and blood capillaries; in this latter compartment, the iodine content was four-fold higher than after intra-jejunal administration of Lipiodol emulsion. This complete phenomenon occurred only at the tip of the villi and happened within less than 60 min. We conclude that nanocapsules enhance the rate of absorption of Lipiodol and transport the drug from the intestinal lumen to the vascular compartment using a paracellular pathway. Thus they may be useful as drug carrier for oral administration of many chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Is mucus involved in biocrystallization? Study of the intestinal mucus of the sea-water eel Anguilla anguilla L.

Freeze-dried intestinal mucus of sea-water-adapted eels was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. Calcite crystals were observed in the mucus fibres; their concentration increased along the hindgut. Random SEM observations made in situ indicated that mucus fibres were involved in the genesis of these crystals. Calcium-rich mucus globules were found fused inside crystal matrices. Single typical rhombohedric crystals of various complexity appeared within the mucus framework. The steps of crystal biogenesis were reconstituted in in-vitro conditions.

Anguilla↗
PubMed1984

Effects of wheat bran on the exocrine pancreas and the small intestinal mucosa in the dog.

Five Beagle dogs, equipped with duodenal and gastric fistulae, were fed a standard diet before receiving the same diet supplemented with wheat bran for 1 month. Pancreatic secretory investigations performed in conscious animals before and 1 month after bran administration showed a significant parallel increase in the flow rate of pancreatic secretion and the outputs of bicarbonate and amylase both in basal and secretin-stimulated conditions. The outputs of protein and chymotrypsin increased only in unstimulated secretions, while the output of lipase was strongly reduced in response to secretin. However, the small intestinal mucosa was not affected by bran administration. Dietary fiber did not alter the height of the villi or the activity of sucrase, maltase and aminopeptidase in mucosal homogenates or isolated brush border membranes from intestinal biopsies. These data suggest that wheat bran supplemented to the standard diet affects the exocrine pancreatic secretion but not intestinal enzyme activities involved in the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins in the dog.

Amylases↗
PubMed1984

Protein malnutrition after jejunoileal bypass in the rat. Possible contribution of the exocrine pancreas and the included intestine.

A 90% jejunoileal bypass induces in the rat a protein malnutrition state which is characterized (1) by the decreased level of plasma proteins and albumins and (2) by the reduced level of most essential and non-essential plasma amino acids. In the exocrine pancreas there was a decreased content of digestive enzymes, especially of amylase, while the secretion of enzymes studied in vitro was reduced. In the ileum left in one piece, the specific activities of maltase and sucrase increased significantly while aminopeptidase was unaffected. It is suggested that exocrine pancreatic insufficiency observed after small bowel bypass in the rat might contribute to protein malnutrition (1) by producing maldigestion and (2) by inducing an imbalance in intestinal enzymes favouring a preferential absorption of carbohydrates compared to proteins, thus emphasizing the protein malnutrition state.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Pancreatic hyperplasia after small bowel resection in the rat: dissociation from endogenous gastrin levels.

Extensive small bowel resection produces pancreatic hyperplasia and increases plasma gastrin levels in the rat. Because gastrin is known as a trophic factor for the exocrine pancreas, we studied the effect of endogenous variations of gastrin induced by different gastric operations on the rat pancreas in both resected and transected animals. Vagotomy increased plasma gastrin level while antrectomy decreased it; pyloroplasty was without any effect. These gastric operations enhanced slightly but not significantly the pancreatic weight, its protein and DNA content. A 90% jejunoileal resection alone increased markedly these parameters while mitotic figures appeared in acinar cells. Pyloroplasty, vagotomy and antrectomy did not modify the changes induced by intestinal resection itself except the level of protein. These findings suggest that hypergastrinemia produced by intestinal resection is not responsible for pancreatic hyperplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A morphological study on gills of a crab acclimated to fresh water.

The gills of the fully euryhaline Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis were studied by light and electron microscopy. In these Phyllobranchiates, the gills consist of a double row of lamellae extending laterally from a central shaft. Haemolymph flow pattern inside the gill is described and the existence of a complex secondary vascularization inside the platelets is reported. It is shown that important differences exist between the ultrastructure of the three anterior and the three posterior pairs of large gills. The epithelium of the posterior gills is much thicker and possesses an extensive elaboration of the plasma membranes in the form of infoldings, crypts and interdigitations, along which are packed numerous mitochondria. The presence of such a complex membrane system opening to the extracellular space and closely associated with mitochondria is common to all salt-transporting tissues. This study corroborates the idea that the posterior pairs of gills of Eriocheir sinensis are the only ones implicated in active Na+ uptake when the crab lives in dilute aquatic environment. The epithelium of anterior gills is much thinner and the cells poor in intracellular organelles. It seems to be involved essentially in respiration. Thus this work clearly corroborates the existence already suggested by physiological approach of a functional difference between the different pairs of E. sinensis branchiae with respect to their participation in the respiration and in the regulation of the blood ions content. Common to both types of gills is the presence of a lamellar septum separating the haemolymph space into two compartments. The part played by that structure in determining the pattern of haemolymph flow, together with periodic bridges forming pillars across the haemolymph space, is emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Copper accumulation in primary biliary cirrhosis. An electron and X-ray microanalytical study.

Ultrastructural and X-Ray microanalytical aspects of primary biliary cirrhosis were analysed and compared to those of normal liver. Electron microscopic studies showed a significant increase of dense lipofuscin-like granules in PBC compared to the hepatocytes of normal liver (665%). These granules (0.3-2.7 micrometers in diameter) were formed by the association of primary lysosomes and lipid droplets. X-Ray microanalysis of these structures showed the presence of Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Chlorine, Sulphur, Aluminium and Copper. The coexistence of Sulphur with other mineral elements suggests the occurrence of metalloproteins binding these elements. These findings provide evidence that intralysosomal sequestration of mineral elements, especially copper protects the hepatocytes from cytotoxic effects.

Copper↗
PubMed1981

Effect of obstructive jaundice on wound healing. An experimental study in rats.

The effect of obstructive jaundice on wound healing was investigated in an experimental study of gastric and abdominal wounds in rats after ligation and division of the common bile duct. The healing of a parietal defect in these animals showed histologic evidence of delayed healing compared with controls. The bursting strength of the abdominal incision was also decreased, but not that of the stomach. These findings suggest that the biochemical changes in the wounds of jaundiced animals interfere with wound repair. The possible causes of this delay in healing and its clinical implications require further investigation.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1979

The midgut of Tomocerus minor Lubbock (insecta, collembola): ultrastructure, cytochemistry, ageing and renewal during a moulting cycle.

The midgut cells of Tomocerus minor (Insecta, Collembola) were examined with the electron microscope and cytochemically. The midgut epithelium consists of a series of cells characterised by numerous mineral concretions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are abundant; microvilli are well developed at the apical surface of the cell. A zonula continua (continuous junction) characterises the apical contact region of these cells. Polysaccharides, glycoproteins and carbohydrate components have been demonstrated on the surface of microvilli. Peritrophic membranes surround the food bolus and preserve midgut cells from mechanical abrasion. Lysosomes are present during the alimentary period and show strong acid phosphatase activity. During an intermoulting cycle, two stages can be observed: (1) the postexuvial feeding period during which cytoplasmic extrusions appear at the apical part of the cell: lysosomes increase in number and autophagic vacuoles appear. (2) The preexuvial fasting period; a new epithelium grows beneath the old one and pushes it into the lumen. Degeneration processes can be observed in the old epithelium. This excretory reactivity of the midgut epithelium has been compared to the cycle of the cuticle.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

[The reaction of the insect excretory tissue to a heavy metal: uranyl nitrate (author's transl)].

The present paper describes the modifications induced in Malpighian tubules of Locusta migratoria by uranyl nitrate. These modifications are observed only if doses injected are approximately a hundred times higher than those which affect the renal epithelium of Vertebrates. The elimination of the uranyl salts seem to occur by apical excretion of dense metallo-proteic granules. When strong doses are used, metallic particles are seen on the basal membrane and in the extracellular spaces. Such intracytoplasmic particles are rarely observed.

Animals↗