Biomedical subjects

W H Sutherland

Publications and source records attributed to W H Sutherland.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Response of plasma lathosterol concentration to change in the quality of dietary fat in men and women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of replacing saturated fatty acids (SAFA) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet on plasma lathosterol concentration, an index of cholesterol synthesis, in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. DESIGN: The study was a randomised, cross-over trial. SUBJECTS: Seventy-six subjects were recruited and one dropped out. Twenty-nine men and 46 women with baseline plasma cholesterol levels in the range 5.5-7.9 mmol/l were entered into the trial. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were placed on two isocaloric diets, one rich in SAFA and the other high in PUFA, for 6 weeks each. Plasma lathosterol and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured. RESULTS: When PUFA replaced SAFA in the diet, there was a significant (P = 0.01) fall in plasma lathosterol concentration in all subjects combined [-1.37 (-0.36 to -2.38) mumol/l] which was largely due to a significant (P = 0.03) decrease in men [-2.35 (-0.42 to -4.28) mumol/l] but not in women. The concomitant decreases in plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were similar in men and women. Plasma lathosterol concentration and the ratio lathosterol/cholesterol were significantly higher in men at baseline and during diets rich in SAFA but were not significantly different between the sexes during diets rich in PUFA. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that replacing SAFA with PUFA in the diet may reduce cholesterol synthesis in mildly hypercholesterolaemic men and markedly reduce the gender-related difference in cholesterol synthesis commonly observed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Lipid peroxidation of circulating low density lipoproteins with age, smoking and in peripheral vascular disease.

In this study, lipid peroxides in plasma and the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction and plasma concentrations of vitamin E, lipids and lipoproteins were measured in 22 smokers (mean age 35 years), 26 non-smoking patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), mean age 66 years), and 23 younger (ages < or = 55 years) and 26 older (ages > 55 years) healthy subjects. Plasma lipid peroxide concentrations in the PVD patients (105.9 +/- 20.6 vs. 91.8 +/- 15.8 ng malondialdehyde (MDA)/ml plasma, mean +/- S.D.) and the smokers (94.1 +/- vs. 74.0 +/- 13.9 ng MDA/ml plasma) were significantly elevated compared with levels in the appropriate control subjects and levels were significantly higher in older compared with younger control subjects. Plasma LDL lipid peroxides were also significantly raised in patients with PVD and smokers compared with control values (PVD): 37.1 +/- 7.7 vs. 26.3 +/- 4.1 ng MDA/ml plasma; smokers: 30.4 +/- 6.9 vs 24.9 +/- 7.5 ng MDA/ml plasma). The ratio of LDL lipid peroxides: LDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in the smokers, and plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in patients with PVD compared with other groups of subjects. The ratio of vitamin E: total lipid was not significantly different between the study groups. These data show that lipid peroxide levels in the plasma LDL fraction are elevated along with raised circulating levels in patients with PVD and smokers but that LDL lipid peroxide concentrations were independent of age in the healthy subjects. Elevated LDL lipid peroxide concentrations may may be mainly due to abnormally high LDL levels in PVD patients, whereas in smokers, the concentration of lipid peroxides in the LDL particles is raised and might render the lipoprotein more atherogenic.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Gosha-jinki-gan (herbal medicine) in streptozocin-induced diabetic neuropathy.

Long-established systems of traditional medicine have evolved from systematic recordings of human experience over several millennia. Although not strictly based on concepts of modern science, they nevertheless are founded on a corpus of organised knowledge written in documents, and the evident conclusion is that the alleged "trial and error" methodology has provided useful drugs for humans. Herbal medicine should be investigated as a potential regimen for diabetic neuropathy for the following reasons: (1) diabetic neuropathy remains an important clinical problem affecting a significant proportion of diabetic subjects without satisfactory treatment; (2) there are multiple pathogenetic mechanisms in diabetic neuropathy; and (3) herbal medicine which is a combination prescription has unique synergistic and synthetic effects that result from interactions between individual herbal components, and may induce a wide range of therapeutic potential and utility. Gosha-jinki-gan (GJK), consisting of 10 herbs, has been widely used for a regimen of diabetic complications, including neuropathy, in Japan. However, the effect of GJK on experimental diabetic neuropathy has never been previously evaluated. We examined nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and nerve glucose, sorbitol, fructose and myo-inositol levels in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats that were treated with GJK. After 1 week of the STZ injection in 7-9-week-old rats, GJK treatment (100 mg/100 g body weight/day) was started orally. At 16 weeks after the STZ injection, the sciatic NCV of GJK-treated diabetic rats improved significantly when compared to non-treated diabetic rats, although they were not yet normalised.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Oxidation of low density lipoproteins from patients with renal failure or renal transplants.

Peroxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis which is prevalent in patients with chronic renal failure and renal transplant recipients. We determined the copper ion catalyzed oxidation in vitro, vitamin E content, and chemical and fatty acid composition of LDL isolated from 38 patients with renal disease and 15 healthy subjects. Also the acute effect of hemodialysis treatment on LDL oxidation variables was tested. The lag time in conjugated diene formation during oxidation was significantly (P = 0.011) shorter in LDL from renal transplant recipients (66 min, N = 18) mainly due to significantly (P < 0.05) shorter times in women (47 min, N = 7), compared with healthy subjects (83 min, N = 15), patients on hemodialysis (91 min, N = 13) and patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (82 min, N = 7). The maximum rate and the extent of LDL oxidation were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in all patients with renal disease compared with healthy subjects. The triglyceride content of LDL was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in women with kidney grafts (7.3%) compared with levels in the corresponding men (5.3%) and healthy women (5.0%), and was correlated significantly with the lag time in LDL oxidation in renal transplant recipients (Spearmans r = -0.502, P = 0.034). The percentage oleic acid in LDL was significantly higher (P = 0.002) and the percentage linoleic acid was significantly lower (P = 0.046) in patients with renal disease, and may largely account for their lower rates and extent of LDL oxidation. Levels of the LDL oxidation variables and organic lipid peroxide content of LDL were not significantly different before and after hemodialysis and 24 hours later. These results suggest that LDL from women with renal transplants may be abnormally susceptible to oxidation possibly due to increased triglyceride content.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Cholesterol precursor concentration in plasma from patients with chronic renal failure or kidney grafts.

Plasma lathosterol concentration which is an index of cholesterol synthesis rate was measured in 36 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) including 13 who were dialysis independent, 12 receiving hemodialysis and 11 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 17 renal transplant recipients and 27 healthy control subjects. Concentrations of plasma lathosterol were significantly (ANOVA p = 0.03) lower in all categories of renal patients excepting those treated by CAPD, compared with control values. In normolipidemic subjects (cholesterol < or = 6.50 mmol/l and triglycerides < or = 2.0 mmol/l) plasma lathosterol levels in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients were still significantly (ANOVA p = 0.02) lower than control values. In transplant recipients, the plasma lathosterol/cholesterol ratio was significantly (p = 0.02) lower than those treated with azathioprine and prednisone compared with those treated with these drugs and cyclosporin. Significant (p < 0.001) positive correlations were recorded between plasma lathosterol concentration and plasma levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipids in the renal patients. These data suggest that the rate of cholesterol synthesis may be low in undialysed and hemodialysed patients with CRF and in renal transplant recipients, particularly those treated with double therapy, and may be linked to the metabolism of apoB and VLDL.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Cell cholesterol transport to plasma in blood from patients with renal failure or a kidney transplant.

Accumulation and distribution of cell cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins of incubated blood was examined in 36 patients with chronic renal failure including 13 who were dialysis-independent, 12 on haemodialysis, and 11 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 17 renal transplant recipients, and 8 healthy controls. In addition, transport of cholesterol between red blood cells and high-density lipoprotein subfraction 3 (HDL3) isolated from a subgroup of patients with chronic renal failure was determined. Significantly less cell cholesterol appeared in plasma (P < 0.002) and HDL (P = 0.03), the main recipient of cell cholesterol, in patients with chronic renal failure compared with healthy subjects. Corresponding values in blood from renal transplant recipients were similar to controls. In patients with chronic renal failure, plasma HDL3 cholesterol levels (P < 0.02), HDL3 phospholipid content (P < 0.001) and net transport of red cell cholesterol to isolated HDL3 (P < 0.001) were significantly lower compared with controls. The data suggest that in patients with chronic renal failure, low levels of plasma HDL3 of abnormal composition may restrict the incorporation of cell cholesterol into the antiatherogenic HDL fraction potentially leading to inefficient transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and the development of atherosclerosis. These abnormalities appear to be reversed by renal transplantation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Urban/rural differences in red blood cell fatty acid composition, plasma lipids and diet in Melanesian Fijians.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid composition, plasma lipids and lipoproteins and dietary intake between urban and rural Melanesian Fijians. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed in a random subsample (n = 154) from a total survey population of 589 subjects. SETTING: Melanesian Fijians living in the relatively urban settlement of Nabua, Suva and On the remote island of Qamea (rural) were studied. RESULTS: The proportions of myristic acid (1.4% versus 0.3%, P < 0.001) and arachidonic acid (10.1% versus 11.4%, P < 0.01) were significantly higher and proportions of oleic acid (14.4% versus 13.2%, P < 0.05) and linoleic acid (11.9% versus 8.1%, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in RBC from rural compared with urban men, and a similar pattern was seen in women. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the rural subjects. Urban/rural differences in plasma cholesterol levels were not significant when the proportion of RBC myristate was taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that consumption of myristic acid from coconut fat is greater and the intake of linoleic acid is less in Fijians living on a remote island and may contribute to their higher plasma cholesterol levels compared with their urban counterparts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Plasma newly synthesised cholesteryl ester transfer (NCET) rates from high density lipoproteins (HDL) to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins lipoproteins (LDL) were measured in 26 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 26 healthy subjects with closely matching plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and 10 normolipidaemic healthy individuals. In addition, insulin mediated glucose uptake was measured in the NIDDM patients and the normolipidaemic subjects. Rates of NCET were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in NIDDM patients compared with healthy normolipidaemic individuals but were similar to rates in healthy subjects with closely matching TG levels. In all groups of subjects plasma NCET was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with plasma TG concentration. In NIDDM patients correlations between NCET and plasma glucose (r = 0.489, P = 0.011) independently of plasma TG levels, and glycated haemoglobin levels (r = 0.430, P = 0.028) were also recorded. Insulin mediated glucose uptake was unrelated to plasma NCET rates in the study. These data suggest that in NIDDM patients under good diabetic control elevated plasma NCET rates are mainly due to hypertriglyceridaemia and a specific and possibly stimulatory effect of diabetes on these rates may be seen only in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and healthy subjects.

The effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on plasma cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer protein (CETP) activity was determined in 11 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 10 healthy subjects. Plasma CETP activity was reduced significantly in NIDDM patients (-37 +/- 59 nmol/mL/h, P < .05) but not in healthy subjects (-7 +/- 37 nmol/mL/h) during insulin infusion. Saline infusion did not alter plasma CETP activity significantly. The change in plasma CETP activity was correlated significantly with the baseline plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration (r = -.523, n = 21, P = .01) and marginally with the concomitant decrease in these levels with acute hyperinsulinemia (r = .413, n = 21, P = .06) in NIDDM patients and healthy subjects combined. These data indicate that acute hyperinsulinemia reduces plasma CETP activity and probably plasma CETP concentration in NIDDM patients, and suggest coordinated regulation of CETP levels and TG metabolism by insulin.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Cholesteryl ester transfer in patients with renal failure or renal transplants.

Plasma newly-synthesized cholesteryl ester transfer (NCET) rate and concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A1 and B were measured in chronic renal failure patients (dialysis independent and dialysis dependent), patients with a functioning renal transplant and in healthy control subjects with comparable ages and plasma triglycerides. Plasma NCET rates and apoB concentrations were significantly higher in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) compared with controls. In normolipidemic subjects (cholesterol < 6.5 mmol/liter, triglycerides < 2.0 mmol/liter), plasma NCET rates did not differ significantly from rates in the corresponding control subjects. In hyperlipidemic subjects, plasma NCET rates were significantly higher than rates in the normolipidemic subgroup. Plasma NCET rates were correlated closely with plasma apoB levels in all renal patients combined (r = 0.754, N = 53, P < 0.001) and with plasma cholesteryl ester mass transfer (r = 0.853, N = 13, P < 0.001). We conclude that, in the absence of hyperlipidemia, plasma NCET rate is normal in patients with chronic renal failure irrespective of the treatment for uremia, and when hyperlipidemia is present NCET rates are raised and may contribute to elevated levels of the proatherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Oxidation of heparin-isolated LDL by hemin. The effect of serum components.

Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the artery wall is probably determined by several factors, some of which may include physiological oxidants such as heme and hydrogen peroxide, blood serum components, and the interaction of the lipoprotein with glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans form complexes with LDL that increase its susceptibility to oxidation in vitro. To examine the effect of these factors on oxidation of LDL from serum by using heparin and oxidized the resolubilized lipoprotein (Hep-LDL) with hemin and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of apolipoprotein B lipoprotein-deficient serum (BLPDS). Low levels (2.1%) of BLPDS stimulated the oxidation of Hep-LDL by approximately fivefold, and increasing concentrations reduced oxidation to baseline rates. By comparison, the oxidation of native LDL was stimulated to a similar extent at lower concentrations of BLPDS (0.83%) and returned to baseline more rapidly with increasing levels of the serum fraction. Oxidation rates did not change significantly with increasing concentrations of BLPDS alone. Human serum albumin (HSA) at comparable levels produced changes in the oxidation of Hep-LDL similar to those seen with BLPDS. Degradation of heme was accelerated by low levels of BLPDS or HSA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide but not by higher levels, and maximal degradation rates were inhibited by comparatively low levels of butylated hydroxytoluene (35 mumol/L). This antioxidant also effectively inhibited oxidation of Hep-LDL maximally stimulated by BLPDS. The data suggest that serum components, particularly HSA, modulate the peroxidation of both glycosaminoglycan-treated LDL and native LDL by hemin and hydrogen peroxide via mechanisms that may involve oxidative interactions between heme and HSA. This phenomenon may influence oxidation of LDL in vivo, where levels of HSA in regions of the artery wall are comparable with levels that stimulate the oxidation of Hep-LDL in vitro.

Apolipoproteins B↗

PubMed1994

The response of plasma lipoprotein (a) concentration to acute hyperinsulinemia in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and in healthy subjects.

The effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on plasma lipoprotein a [Lp(a)] concentration in 25 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in 10 healthy subjects was examined. Insulin was infused into the subjects for 2 hours while baseline plasma glucose concentrations were maintained. Plasma Lp(a) levels showed a small but significant mean (+/- SD) increase in NIDDM patients (12 +/- 26 U/l, p < 0.01) but did not vary significantly in healthy subjects (3 +/- 15 U/l) when insulin was infused. There was considerable individual variation (-35 to 98 U/l) in the response of Lp(a) to acute hyperinsulinemia and the response was correlated significantly with baseline Lp(a) levels (r = 0.399, p < 0.05). These data suggest that acute hyperinsulinemia at constant baseline glucose levels may raise plasma Lp(a) levels in NIDDM patients more particularly in those with high initial Lp(a) concentrations.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Fatty acid composition and the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins.

The effect of the fatty acid composition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) on copper-ion-catalyzed oxidation of isolated LDL was examined in 18 normolipidemic men. The decrease in LDL linoleic acid concentration (delta L) during oxidation was found to be strongly correlated with initial LDL linoleic acid concentration (r = 0.976, n = 18, P < 0.001), whereas the production of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) was not. The concentration of oleic acid in LDL was then increased significantly (mean increase 20%, P < 0.05) in 8 male volunteers by a daily dietary supplement of rapeseed oil/muesli for 4 weeks. The mean delay before copper-ion-catalyzed production of conjugated dienes (the lag phase) was significantly (P < 0.001) greater in LDL isolated after the study period (67 min) than that of before the study period (40 min). The rate of formation of conjugated dienes, delta L and TBARS production during oxidation of LDL was not significantly altered by the rapeseed oil/muesli supplement. These results suggest that the linoleic acid content of LDL is a determinant of individual variability in LDL oxidation, and that a rapeseed oil/muesli dietary supplement reduces the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Treating hypercholesterolaemia with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: a direct comparison of simvastatin and pravastatin.

BACKGROUND: Simvastatin and pravastatin are both competitive inhibitors of the rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis (HMG CoA) reductase, but data from individual clinical trials suggest significant differences in potency for cholesterol reduction between the two drugs. AIM: To assess any differences in efficacy and safety between simvastatin and pravastatin in a direct, comparative study. METHODS: A double-blind, double-dummy, randomised study design was used, involving 48 patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia. Following a 6 week placebo baseline period, patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either simvastatin or pravastatin, commencing at a dose of 10 mg daily. The dose levels were titrated up to the recommended maximum effective dose of 40 mg daily at 6 weekly intervals if LDL cholesterol levels remained > or = 3.4 mmol/L. After 18 weeks of therapy, all patients were transferred to simvastatin therapy for a further 6 weeks, continuing at their week 18 dose level. Patients complied with a standard lipid lowering diet (containing < 30% of energy as total fat) throughout the study period. RESULTS: Over the 18 week direct comparison of the two drugs, there was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in response between simvastatin and pravastatin for reduction in levels of total cholesterol (32% vs 21% respectively), LDL cholesterol (38% vs 27%) and apolipoprotein B levels (34% vs 23%). No significant difference in drug effect was seen for the small reduction in levels of apolipoprotein AI (5% vs 6% respectively), nor for the increased levels of apolipoprotein AII (14% vs 11%) and HDL cholesterol (11% vs 7%). Lp(a) levels remained unchanged. When pravastatin was replaced with simvastatin for the final 6 weeks of the study in the 23 patients initially randomised to pravastatin, there were further reductions (p < 0.01) in total and LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B. These results establish the advantage of simvastatin over pravastatin in terms of efficacy, for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein and distribution of cell cholesterol among plasma lipoproteins in vitro in distance runners and sedentary men.

Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity and distribution of red blood cell (RBC) cholesterol among plasma lipoproteins during incubation of blood were determined in 14 distance runners and 10 sedentary men. Mean plasma CETP activity was similar in the runners (31% 10 microliters-1 18 h-1) and the sedentary men (32% 10 microliters-1 18 h-1). There was significantly (P < 0.05) greater accumulation of cell cholesterol in the HDL fraction (runners: 0.33 mmol l-1; sedentary men: 0.23 mmol l-1) which comprised a significantly (P < 0.05) larger proportion of the total amount of cell cholesterol lost to plasma (runners: 89%; sedentary men: 64%) in incubated blood from the runners. The results of this study suggest that in distance runners, high HDL concentrations are not accompanied by reduced plasma CETP levels but in conjunction with low triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels in plasma, may promote preferential distribution of cell cholesterol into the 'antiatherogenic' HDL fraction.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Plasma non-cholesterol sterols in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Plasma plant sterol concentrations (an index of cholesterol absorption efficiency) and plasma lathosterol concentration (an index of cholesterol synthesis rate) were measured in 52 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 36 non-diabetic controls. Plasma plant sterol concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in diabetic patients (campesterol: men -36%, women -48%; betasitosterol: men -35%, women -42%). Fasting serum insulin levels were inversely correlated with plasma plant sterol concentrations in diabetic patients (campesterol: r = -0.347, P = 0.012; betasitosterol: r = -0.345, P = 0.012) and in non-diabetic men (campesterol: r = -0.578, P = 0.039; betasitosterol: r = -0.702, P = 0.008). Serum insulin levels were also correlated significantly with plasma lathosterol concentration in diabetic patients (r = 0.295, P = 0.034). The results of this study suggest that absorption of plant sterols and possibly cholesterol from the diet may be reduced in hyperinsulinemic diabetics.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Cholesterol metabolism in distance runners.

Faecal steroid excretion, including betasitosterol excretion, whole-body cholesterol synthesis, plasma lipids, and lipoprotein concentrations and habitual diet, were determined in 14 male distance runners and 14 sedentary men. The proportion of cholesterol-derived steroids excreted as bile acids, and the quantity of betasitosterol excreted in the faeces were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in the runners compared with the sedentary men. Faecal betasitosterol excretion and the proportion of cholesterol-derived steroids excreted as bile acids were correlated significantly in the distance runners and the sedentary men (r = 0.774, n = 28, P less than 0.001). These results suggest that greater dietary intake of plant sterols may contribute to the higher proportion of cholesterol-derived steroids excreted as bile acids in distance runners.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Plasma noncholesterol sterols in male distance runners and sedentary men.

Plasma lathosterol concentration is taken to be an index of the rate of cholesterol synthesis and plasma concentrations of plant sterols just as campesterol and betasitosterol are taken to be indeces of cholesterol absorption efficiency. These noncholesterol sterols were measured in plasma from 14 male distance runners and 10 sedentary men. Plasma lathosterol concentration was 30% lower (P less than 0.02) and plasma betasitosterol concentration was 33% higher (P less than 0.02) in the runners compared to the sedentary men. Plasma concentrations of lathosterol and plant sterols were inversely and significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated in both the runners and the sedentary men. Plasma plant sterol concentrations were correlated positively and significantly (P less than 0.01) with plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in the runners and sedentary men combined. These findings suggest that more efficient cholesterol absorption may lead to higher plasma plant sterol concentrations and may contribute to lower cholesterol synthesis rates, reduced concentrations of plasma lathosterol and higher plasma HDL-C concentration in distance runners.

Adult↗