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W H Lau

Publications and source records attributed to W H Lau.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Generating spin currents in semiconductors with the spin Hall effect.

We investigate electrically induced spin currents generated by the spin Hall effect in GaAs structures that distinguish edge effects from spin transport. Using Kerr rotation microscopy to image the spin polarization, we demonstrate that the observed spin accumulation is due to a transverse bulk electron spin current, which can drive spin polarization nearly 40 microns into a region in which there is minimal electric field. Using a model that incorporates the effects of spin drift, we determine the transverse spin drift velocity from the magnetic field dependence of the spin polarization.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Core-shell nanorods for efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.

We propose core-shell InP-CdS and InP-ZnTe nanorods as photoelectrodes in the efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. On the basis of our systematic study using strain-dependent k.p theory, we find that in these heterostructures both energies and wave function distributions of electrons and holes can be favorably tailored to a considerable extent by exploiting the interplay between quantum confinement and strain. Consequently, these core-shell nanorods with proper dimensions (height, core radius, and shell thickness) can simultaneously satisfy all criteria for effective photoelectrodes in solar-based hydrogen production.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2005

Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group.

PURPOSE: This randomized study compared the results achieved by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) versus radiotherapy (RT) alone for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with advanced nodal disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with nonkeratinizing/undifferentiated NPC staged T1-4N2-3M0 were randomized to CRT or RT. Both arms were treated with the same RT technique and dose fractionation. The CRT patients were given cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on days 1, 22, and 43, followed by cisplatin 80 mg/m2 and fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2/d for 96 hours starting on days 71, 99, and 127. RESULTS: From 1999 to January 2004, 348 eligible patients were randomly assigned; the median follow-up was 2.3 years. The two arms were well-balanced in all prognostic factors and RT parameters. The CRT arm achieved significantly higher failure-free survival (72% v 62% at 3-year, P = .027), mostly as a result of an improvement in locoregional control (92% v 82%, P = .005). However, distant control did not improve significantly (76% v 73%, P = .47), and the overall survival rates were almost identical (78% v 78%, P = .97). In addition, the CRT arm had significantly more acute toxicities (84% v 53%, P < .001) and late toxicities (28% v 13% at 3-year, P = .024). CONCLUSION: Preliminary results confirmed that CRT could significantly improve tumor control, particularly at locoregional sites. However, there was significant increase in the risk of toxicities and no early gain in overall survival. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the ultimate therapeutic ratio.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

This phase III randomized study compared concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy (CRT) versus radiotherapy (RT) alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A total of 350 patients were randomly assigned to receive external RT alone or concurrently with cisplatin at a dosage of 40 mg/m(2) weekly. The primary endpoint was overall survival, and the median follow-up was 5.5 years. The 5-year overall survival was 58.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 50.9% to 66.2%) for the RT arm and 70.3% (95% CI = 63.4% to 77.3%) for the CRT arm. In Cox regression analysis adjusted for T stage, age, and overall stage, the difference in overall survival was statistically significantly in favor of concurrent CRT (P = .049, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.5 to 1.0]). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that there was no difference between overall survival in the arms for T1/T2 stage (P = .74, HR = 0.93 [95% CI = 0.59 to 1.4]), whereas there was a difference between the arms for T3/T4 stage (P = .013, HR = 0.51 [95% CI = 0.3 to 0.88]), favoring the CRT arm. The regimen of weekly concurrent CRT is a promising standard treatment strategy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Treatment results for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the modern era: the Hong Kong experience.

PURPOSE: To analyze the treatment results achievable for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the modern era to identify the key failures for future improvement and to provide an updated baseline for future trials. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The results of 2687 consecutive patients treated at all public oncology centers in Hong Kong during 1996-2000 were retrospectively analyzed. The stage distribution (by American Joint Committee on Cancer and International Union Against Cancer staging system, 1997) was 7% Stage I, 41% Stage II, 25% Stage III, and 28% Stage IVA-B. All patients were irradiated with 6-MV photons and the median total dose was 66 Gy. Only 23% of patients had additional treatment with chemotherapy. RESULTS: The 5-year local, nodal, and distant failure-free rates were 85%, 94%, and 81%, respectively; patients with local failure had significantly higher risk of nodal and distant failures. The 5-year progression-free, overall, and cancer-specific survival rates were 63%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. The presenting stage was the most important prognostic factor for all endpoints: with overall survival decreasing from 90% for Stage I to 58% for Stage IVA-B. The results achieved by the 2070 patients treated by radiotherapy alone were almost identical to that of the whole series, the distant failure-free rate among patients with locoregional control was 89% for Stage I-II and 75% for Stage III-IVB. The 860 patients (32%) staged with magnetic resonance imaging achieved significantly better results than those staged by computed tomography, the overall survival being 93% vs. 83% for Stages I-II, and 72% vs. 63% for Stages III-IVB (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment results for nasopharyngeal carcinoma have substantially improved in the modern era; future trials should be based on updated baseline results. Further reduction of distant failure is important for future breakthrough, particularly for patients with advanced disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: suggestions for improving the current UICC/AJCC Staging System.

AIMS: To evaluate the current UICC/AJCC Staging System for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to search for ways of improving the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 2687 consecutive patients treated in five public centres in Hong Kong during the period 1996-2000. All patients were staged by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or both. The prognostic significance of the current stage assignment on various aspects of tumour control was evaluated. RESULTS: T-category, N-category and stage-group were all significant prognostic factors for major end points (P < 0.01). However, the distinction of prognosis between Stage I and II was insignificant (5-year cancer-specific survival being 92% vs 95%; P = 0.13). Multivariate analyses (corrected for age and sex) revealed lack of significance between T2a and T1 in hazards of local and distant failures, N3a and N2 in distant failure and subgroups of T1-2N0 in cancer-specific deaths. Corresponding down-staging of T2a to T1, N3a to N2, and subgroup T2N0 to stage I, resulted in more even and orderly increase in the hazard ratio of cancer-specific deaths (from 1 for stage I to 1.98 for II, 3.5 for III, 6.08 for IVA and 8.62 for IVB), better hazard consistency among subgroups of the same stage and more balanced stage distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The current UICC/AJCC Staging System could be further improved by the modifications suggested; validation of the current proposal by external data is urgently awaited.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

High temperature gate control of quantum well spin memory.

Time-resolved optical measurements in (110)-oriented GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells show a tenfold increase of the spin-relaxation rate as a function of applied electric field from 20 to 80 kV cm(-1) at 170 K and indicate a similar variation at 300 K, in agreement with calculations based on the Rashba effect. Spin relaxation is almost field independent below 20 kV cm(-1) reflecting quantum well interface asymmetry. The results indicate the achievability of a voltage-gateable spin-memory time longer than 3 ns simultaneously with a high electron mobility.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Economic analysis of celecoxib versus diclofenac plus omeprazole for the treatment of arthritis in patients at risk of ulcer disease.

AIM: To evaluate the economic impact of celecoxib therapy vs. diclofenac plus omeprazole therapy for the treatment of arthritis in Chinese patients with a high risk of bleeding, from the perspective of a public health organization in Hong Kong. METHODS: The medical records of 287 Chinese arthritic patients with a history of bleeding ulcers who had previously participated in a randomised study of celecoxib 200 mg twice daily and extended-release diclofenac 75 mg twice daily plus 20 mg of omeprazole daily for 6 months were reviewed. RESULTS: Compared to the diclofenac plus omeprazole group, the average total direct cost per patient in the celecoxib group showed a significant reduction of 11%, from HK 10,915 (range HK dollars 10,915-57,899) to HK dollars 9714 (range HK dollars 9714-89,770) (P<0.0001) (1 US dollars=7.8 HK dollars). The median direct medical cost for routine management in the celecoxib group was significantly lower (11%) than that for the diclofenac plus omeprazole group [HK dollars 10,915 (range 10,915-28,048) vs. HK dollars 9714 (range HK dollars 6946-26,179) (P<0.0001)]. In patients who experienced recurrent bleeding, the celecoxib group showed a significantly higher median cost of management of recurrent bleeding than the diclofenac plus omeprazole group [HK dollars 8466 (range 572-29,851) vs. HK dollars 23,210 (range HK dollars 12,318-65,823)] (P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Celecoxib therapy appears to cost less compared with diclofenac plus omeprazole for treatment of arthritis in Chinese patients with a high risk of bleeding.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

In-depth evaluation of the AJCC/UICC 1997 staging system of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic homogeneity and proposed refinements.

PURPOSE: To critically evaluate the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC)/International Union Against Cancer (UICC) 1997 staging system and look back on its achievements by comparing it with the AJCC/UICC 1992 and Ho 1978 staging systems. To identify areas for additional refinement, we analyzed the prognostic heterogeneity within each stage in depth, which provided important clues for the addition or better categorization of the different defining criteria. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a retrospective review of the data from 1294 consecutive biopsy-proven nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and staged the extent of disease according to the defining criteria of the three staging systems. All patients had undergone detailed pretreatment assessment by fiberoptic endoscopy and CT. Radical-intent radiotherapy was given using the Ho technique according to our standard protocol. RESULTS: The AJCC/UICC 1997 staging system was superior to the other two staging systems, because it assigned patients to more uniform-size stage groupings and correlated better with prognosis. Parapharyngeal space involvement was not an independent predictor for survival, local control, or metastasis. On the other hand, carotid space involvement correlated with a greater likelihood of metastasis. Prognostic heterogeneity was found. Those with orbit, cranial nerve, or intracranial involvement fared worse within Stage T4; those with a maximal lymph node size >3 cm fared worse within Stage N2; and those with bilateral lymph node metastasis fared worse within Stage N3. CONCLUSION: The prognostic accuracy of the AJCC/UICC 1997 staging system can be improved further by recategorization of the T, N, and group stage criteria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Changing epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Hong Kong over a 20-year period (1980-99): an encouraging reduction in both incidence and mortality.

Epidemiological data from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry for the period 1980-99 were analyzed. Altogether 21,768 new cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 8,664 related deaths were registered. In both genders, the peak incidence occurred in the 50-59 years age group, and this age distribution pattern remained similar throughout. The age-standardized incidence rate steadily decreased from 28.5 in 1980-84 to 20.2 in 1995-99 per 100,000 males, and from 11.2-7.8 per 100,000 females, resulting in a total decrease of 29% for males and 30% for females over this 20-year period. The magnitude of total decrease in NPC mortality amounted to 43% and 50%, respectively, as the age-standardized mortality rate steadily decreased from 13.7 in 1980-84 to 7.8 in 1995-99 per 100,000 males, and from 4.5-2.2 per 100,000 females. The age-standardized mortality/incidence ratio also decreased from the peak of 0.48 in 1980-84 to 0.39 in 1995-99 for males, and from 0.40-0.29 for females. Females had significantly lower age-standardized incidence (male/female ratio 2.5-2.6, p < 0.01) and mortality (male/female ratio 3.0-3.5, p< 0.01) throughout the whole period. Furthermore, females had consistently lower mortality/incidence ratio: 0.29 vs. 0.39 in 1995-99. These data are highly suggestive of significant improvement in prevention and control of NPC in Hong Kong. Closer scrutiny of the differences in intrinsic and extrinsic factors between the genders might help to show important factors affecting oncogenesis and prognosis. Possible ways for further reduction of incidence and mortality are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Changes in clinical presentation, management and outcome in 1348 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: experience in a single institute in Hong Kong, 1960-2000.

The clinical features, management and outcome of 1348 patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, were analysed according to the period of diagnosis: A (before 1980), B (1981-1990) and C (1991-2000). As time advanced, ratio of papillary carcinoma (PTC) to follicular carcinoma (FTC) increased (A:B:C = 1.6: 3.1: 7.2). The mean size of the primary tumour decreased (A:B:C = 3.5 cm: 2.8 cm: 2.5 cm), with a greater percentage of microcarcinoma of 1 cm or less (A:B:C = 5.1%: 16.1%: 21.7%). At presentation, the incidence of lymph-node metastasis decreased (A:B:C = 32.7%: 31.6%: 24.8%) and that of distant metastasis decreased (A:B:C = 9%: 6.1%: 5.3%). Bilateral surgical resection was more commonly used (A:B:C = 62.8%: 89.1%: 94.8%) than lobectomy (A:B:C = 26.3%: 2.8%: 1.8%). Radiation treatment, radioactive iodine (131I; RAI) and external radiotherapy (EXT), was more commonly used (A:B:C = 53.2%: 74.7%: 85.1%). RAI was used in 84.3% (A:B:C = 50%: 71.2%: 84.3%) and EXT in 14.5% of patients in the past decade (A:B:C = 10.9%: 8.7%: 14.5%). The proportion of patients who adopted a bilateral surgery and RAI treatment increased gradually with time (A:B:C = 33%: 68%: 83.8%). The 5-year cause-specific survival (A:B:C = 90.2%: 93.7%: 95.7%), locoregional failure-free survival (A:B:C = 72.6%: 82.9%: 91.6%) and distant metastasis failure-free survival (A:B:C = 84.5%: 89.1%: 92.6%) were improved. However, the period of diagnosis was not found to be an important explanatory variable (i.e. P > 0.05) in Cox regression after adjusting for other factors, indicating that the improvement was probably related to the temporal trend of other factors: presentation at earlier stage, increased ratio of PTC:FTC and more aggressive management by bilateral surgery and radiation therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adenocarcinoma of the thymus: report of two cases, including a previously undescribed mucinous subtype.

We report two cases of primary thymic adenocarcinoma, a very uncommon neoplasm with limited information in the literature. Both patients were men (age 15 and 39 years). The first case was a mucinous carcinoma, a subtype of adenocarcinoma not previously recognized in the thymus. It comprised islands and strips of mucin-rich tumor cells floating in large pools of extracellular mucin. There was transition of carcinomatous epithelium to the attenuated epithelium of a thymic cyst. Immunostaining for high molecular weight cytokeratin furthermore highlighted in one area negatively stained tumor islands wrapped by positively stained residual thymic medullary epithelium, suggesting in situ origin of the carcinoma from the thymic epithelium. The second case was a papillary carcinoma with high nuclear grade and many psammoma bodies. It showed strong immunoreactivity for CD5 and did not stain for CA-125 as well as thyroid, pulmonary, and mesothelial markers. The findings in this study therefore broaden the morphologic spectrum of thymic adenocarcinomas to include a mucinous subtype. Review of the literature indicates that thymic adenocarcinomas usually arise from thymic cyst or type A thymoma, and the clinical outcome is variable.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed2002

Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial.

PURPOSE: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly sensitive to both radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. This randomized phase III trial compared concurrent cisplatin-RT (CRT) with RT alone in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with Ho's N2 or N3 stage or N1 stage with nodal size > or = 4 cm were randomized to receive cisplatin 40 mg/m(2) weekly up to 8 weeks concurrently with radical RT (CRT) or RT alone. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Three hundred fifty eligible patients were randomized. Baseline patient characteristics were comparable in both arms. There were significantly more toxicities, including mucositis, myelosuppression, and weight loss in the CRT arm. There were no treatment-related deaths in the CRT arm, and one patient died during treatment in the RT-alone arm. At a median follow-up of 2.71 years, the 2-year PFS was 76% in the CRT arm and 69% in the RT-alone arm (P =.10) with a hazards ratio of 1.367 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93 to 2.00). The treatment effect had a significant covariate interaction with tumor stage, and a subgroup analysis demonstrated a highly significant difference in favor of the CRT arm in Ho's stage T3 (P =.0075) with a hazards ratio of 2.328 (95% CI, 1.26 to 4.28). For T3 stage, the time to first distant failure was statistically significantly different in favor of the CRT arm (P =.016). CONCLUSION: Concurrent CRT is well tolerated in patients with advanced NPC in endemic areas. Although PFS was not significantly different between the concurrent CRT arm and the RT-alone arm in the overall comparison, PFS was significantly prolonged in patients with advanced tumor and node stages.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Arthritis treatment in Hong Kong--cost analysis of celecoxib versus conventional NSAIDS, with or without gastroprotective agents.

BACKGROUND: Selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors have been reported to cause fewer gastrointestinal complications when compared with conventional, non-selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). AIM: To analyse the cost of celecoxib (selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor) and conventional NSAID regimens for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis from the perspective of a public health organization in Hong Kong. METHODS: A decision tree was used to analyse the cost of celecoxib, NSAID alone, NSAID plus histamine2-receptor antagonist, NSAID plus misoprostol and NSAID plus proton pump inhibitor over 6 months. Model outcomes were no gastrointestinal toxicity, gastrointestinal discomfort, symptomatic ulcer, anaemia with occult bleeding and serious gastrointestinal complications. The clinical probabilities were estimated from clinical trials. Resource utilization for gastrointestinal events was determined locally. Sensitivity analysis was performed. RESULTS: The 6-month costs per base-case analysis were as follows: NSAID plus histamine2-receptor antagonist, 1404 HK dollars (1 US dollar = 7.8 HK dollars); celecoxib, 1545 HK dollars; NSAID alone, 1610 HK dollars; NSAID plus misoprostol, 2213 HK dollars; NSAID plus proton pump inhibitor, 2857 HK dollars. The model was sensitive to the patients' underlying gastrointestinal risk scores, daily cost of NSAID regimen, risk ratio of NSAID plus histamine2-receptor antagonist for symptomatic ulcer, daily cost of celecoxib and daily cost of histamine2-receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: Celecoxib appeared to be the least costly alternative in patients with intermediate to high gastrointestinal risk for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in Hong Kong.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Combination gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a phase II study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of combination gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) chemotherapy in metastatic or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients of Chinese ethnicity with metastatic or recurrent NPC received ambulatory GC chemotherapy every 28 days (gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) days 1, 8 and 15; cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) days 1 and 8). There were 40 male and four female patients with a mean age of 47.4 years. More than half (54.5%) of the patients had received either prior platinum-based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to target lesions. RESULTS: There were nine complete responses and 23 partial responses in the 44 patients, achieving an overall response rate of 73% (78% for the 41 assessable patients). The mean duration of response was 5.3 months. Improved subjective symptom-control scores were found in 78% of patients with pre-existing symptoms, while 64% of patients experienced improved general well-being scores. Toxicity was mainly hematological: grade III/IV anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were found in 11, 37 and 16% of cycles, respectively. With a median follow-up of 17.2 months, 62% survived 1 year while 36% were alive and progression free. CONCLUSIONS: Gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy offers a satisfactory overall response rate, subjective patient improvement and safety profile for metastatic and recurrent NPC.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Remarkable application of serum EBV EBER-1 in monitoring response of nasopharyngeal cancer patients to salvage chemotherapy.

Nineteen consecutive patients with metastatic or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) receiving combination chemotherapy were monitored for EBV DNA in their serum. EBV DNA (EBER-1) concentration in serum was measured before, during, and after chemotherapy. Thirteen patients had additional multiple prechemotherapy readings. There was a significant lead time from first detection of serum EBER-1 to clinical recurrence in 62% of patients by a mean of 17.4 weeks (range: 8-74.5 weeks; mean = 28.2 weeks if confined to the 8 patients with significant lead time). The median EBER-1 concentration was significantly higher in those with distant metastasis as compared to those with loco-regional recurrence only (17,468 vs. 684 pg/mL serum; p = 0.046, Mann-Whitney U test). Among the 13 patients who responded to chemotherapy, 4 exhibited clinical complete remission (CR) who were only found in the group with EBER-1 DNA drop to background level, while the magnitude of EBER-1 drop did not discriminate partial remission (PR) and stable disease (SD) patients clearly. Subsequent profile of EBER-1 DNA showed concordance with clinical course of either continuous remission or later progression. EBER-1 DNA in serum can become a useful adjunctive surrogate marker to monitor chemotherapeutic response in NPC patients with distant metastasis or advanced local recurrence.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2000

Measuring quality of life of Chinese cancer patients: A validation of the Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scale.

BACKGROUND: Few cancer specific quality-of-life (QoL) measures from the West have been translated for use with Chinese-speaking patients, and no substantial validation of these translations with adequately large cohorts has been published previously, to the authors' knowledge. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) is a well-validated QoL instrument that is specific to cancer patients. The scale was translated into Chinese and the psychometric properties of this translated scale (FACT-G [Ch]) were tested with a Chinese sample in Hong Kong, China. METHODS: A total of 1262 Chinese cancer patients were selected in 3 samples from 5 Hong Kong regional hospitals. Quantitative and qualitative data were used to assess the cultural equivalence, factor structure, reliability, and validity of the FACT-G (Ch). RESULTS: Focus group discussions indicated that the FACT-G was seen as covering QoL domains identified as important and relevant to Chinese cancer patients, though in some respects it was seen as having limited scope in this sample. Psychometrically, the factor structure of the FACT-G deviated from that of the original work. The FACT-G (Ch) had acceptable reliability (Cronbach alpha 0.85). The convergent validity of the FACT-G (Ch) with a generic QoL measure (WHOQOL-BREF[HK]) was 0.72 (P < 0.001), and divergent validity showed low correlations of less than 0.15 (P < 0.05) with non-QoL measures. CONCLUSIONS: Focus group data indicated that the FACT-G translation into Chinese was seen as a conceptually relevant and moderately sufficient QoL measure. Psychometrically, the instrument had acceptable properties, but conceptual differences from the original version were suggested. Although more work is needed to increase its adequacy, the translated scale has reasonable utility for use with Chinese populations in clinical settings.

Adult↗