Biomedical subjects
W G Smith
Publications and source records attributed to W G Smith.
Bovine con A-induced suppressor cells: generation, macrophage requirements and possible mechanisms of regulatory action.
Bovine Concanavalin A-induced suppressor cells were generated from lymphocytes which were non-adherent to anti-immunoglobulin coated dishes and cells possessing receptors for peanut agglutinin. Bovine lymphocytes, preincubated with 25 microgram/ml of Con A for 40-45 hr, could suppress the responses of autologous cells to the mitogens Con A, PHA and PWM as much as 90% when they were cultured together at a ratio of 1:1 (suppressor cell to responder cell) or higher. Suppressor cells were not necessary at the initiation of the mitogenic assay as they could regulate responding cells if added at 48 hr in a 72 hr assay. Allogeneic responder cells could be suppressed at the same level as autologous cells indicating a lack of genetic restriction. Macrophages were not required for suppressor cell generation because peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) depleted of macrophages by Sepharose G-10 columns, and subsequently incubated with Con A, could suppress autologous cells to a similar degree as unseparated PBl's. Responder cells depleted of macrophages had normal mitogen responsiveness and were suppressed indicating macrophages were not required in transmission of suppressor signals. Cell to cell contact was not required for suppression connoting a soluble factor(s) as the modulator of suppression.
Concanavalin A-induced bovine suppressor cells: cellular interaction and regulation.
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Vesicovaginal fistula repair-revisited.
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Urine excretion of tumor-associated antigens by patients with gynecologic neoplasms.
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Scientific evaluation in clinical settings: what's needed to make it work?
Large-scale, controlled evaluation research has proved feasible in a regional mental health center in Illinois. Some of the principles learned in carrying out such investigations over the past decade are described. Certain conditions and attitudes are necessary to overcome political and ethical difficulties, including leadership commitment, ingenuity in design of control groups, regular feedback to administrators and clinicians, flexible methodology, stable financial support, and a designated research cadre.
Systems of care and treatment outcomes for alcoholic patients.
All admissions to the Singer Mental Health Center, Rockford, Ill, with a diagnosis of alcoholism in a one-year period (N = 466) were randomly assigned to one of two inpatient programs. One program, "intensive incare," had a high staff-patient ratio with the operating assumption that intensive staff-patient interaction is significant in patient outcome. The other, "peer-oriented incare," was of low staff density with the assumption that patient-patient interaction is critical in rehabilitation. In addition, the patients resided in communities with outpatient services classified as either "network" (an organized set of community services) or "no-network" (no special funding or deliberate outreach effort). Thus, each patient could be treated in one of four systems of care. Data on treatment outcomes were collected via semistructured interviews at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after admission. The "peer-oriented incare" system showed superiority to the "intensive incare" treatment approach in improved drinking behavior. There were no other significant differences among the four systems on the outcome criteria for alcoholic patients. Along with other recent studies, these findings have implications for policy planning, particularly with today's emphasis on cost effectiveness.
Surgical treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Impact of community mental health programs on hospitalization for mental illness. An historical perspective.
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Studies on the kinetic mechanism of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase.
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Induction of midtrimester abortion with intra-amniotic urea and intravenous oxytocin.
Midtrimester abortions were induced in 295 patients with a combination of intra-amniotic urea and intravenous oxytocin. The mean injection-abortion interval was 26.4 hours. Abortion occurred spontaneously within 50 hours of amnioinfusion in 257 patients. The macerating effect of the hypertonic urea on fetal tissues allowed easy termination of the remaining 38 pregnancies by suction curettage at 50 hours after injection. Decreased urinary output occurred during the oxytocin infusions, but water intoxication was prevented by close monitoring of urinary output and serum electrolytes, and by the use of a concentrated solution of oxytocin in normal saline, allowing the administration of small volumes.
Complexities in assessing mental health care.
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Mesenteric fibromatosis associated with familial polyposis.
This patient represents the 25th case report of mesenteric fibromatosis in patients with Gardner's syndrome. Her family genealogy reveals polyposis of the colon in nine members in four generations. In addition, one member has papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and one has newly discovered osteomas. To our knowledge, this family may be the first to manifest this combination of extracolonic lesions with familial polyposis, and the case supports a single-gene etiology for the complete syndrome.
The use of attainment scaling in the evaluation of a regional mental health program.
The general evaluation of the success of a regional mental health program was attempted through the use of the Goal Attainment Scale. There were 278 goal guides scored for 96 sample patients at periods of 6, 12, and 18 months after admission. The interrater reliability between pairs of raters at follow-up interviews was high (.87). The intraclass correlation for goal guides constructed by three independent goal setters was moderate (r=.71). The mean scores of the three raters, when compared to a consensus goal score, attained an intraclass coefficient of .91. Thus the goal-attainment scoring procedure was found to be reliable. However, no evidence could be discerned to support its validity as a measure of a patient's treatment outcome.
The use of laparoscopy to determine the results of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.
The chemotherapeutic management of patients with epithelial tumors of the ovary is hampered by a lack of diagnostic tests that are sufficiently sensitive for detecting residual or recurrent tumor. At the completion of a chemotherapy program, direct visualization of the peritoneal cavity is necessary to accurately assess the amount and location of residual tumor. Laparoscopy, with visually directed biopsies of residual tumor masses, can spare some patients a laparotomy and yet provide a safe and easy route for assessment of intraabdominal disease. If residual tumor is not seen at laparoscopy, than laparotomy with multiple peritoneal biopsies must be done so that residual tumor will not be missed and chemotherapy prematurely stopped. Laparoscopy is not an alternative to "second look" laparotomy but is a useful adjunct for determining the presence of resectable, unresectable or diffuse disease after chemotherapy.
Uridine diphosphate xylosyltransferase activity in cartilage from manganese-deficient chicks.
The glycosaminoglycan content of cartilage is decreased in manganese deficiency in the chick (perosis). The activity of xylosyltransferase, the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of sulphated glycosaminoglycans, was studied in the epiphysial cartilage of 4-week-old chicks which had been maintained since hatching on a manganese-deficient diet. Enzymic activity was measured by the incorporation of [14C]xylose from UDP-[14C]xylose into trichloroacetic acid precipitates. Optimal conditions for the xylosyltransferase assay were established and shown to be the same for both control and manganese-deficient cartilage. Assay of the enzyme by using an exogenous xylose acceptor showed no difference in xylosyltransferase activity between control and manganese-deficient tissue. Further, the extent of xylose incorporation was greater in manganese-deficient than in control cartilage preparations, suggesting an increase in xylose-acceptor sites on the endogenous acceptor protein in the deficient cartilage. 35S turnover in the manganese-deficient cartilage was also increased. The data suggest that the decreased glycosaminoglycan content in manganese-deficient cartilage is due to decreased xylosylation of the acceptor protein plus increased degradation of glycosaminoglycan.
Conformations of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase.
1. The technique of differential thermal and proteolytic inactivation has been employed as a conformational probe for the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase (EC 2.7.2.4) of Escherichia coli B. 2. L-Amino acid inhibitors of this enzyme each induce a characteristic enzyme conformation. This is evidenced by rates of thermal and proteolytic inactivation and Arrhenius activation energies for thermal inactivation which are characteristic of the amino acid present. 3. Phenylalanine and leucine binding are mutually exclusive as evidenced by competitive behavior in thermal inactivation experiments, suggesting a hydrophobic amino acid binding site with broad specificity. 4. The phenylalanine-dependent conformation and the leucine-dependent conformation differ considerably. In comparison with the native enzyme, the former is more labile to proteolysis by trypsin whereas the latter is more stable. First-order rate constants for thermal inactivation of the phenylalanine- and leucine-dependent conformations are, respectively, about one-half and one-tenth that of the native enzyme. 5. Items 3 and 4 taken together suggest that the conformations are ligand induced and do not arise via ligand stabilization of spontaneously arising conformers.
The cancer family syndrome and familial clustering of solitary colorectal carcinoma: surgical and theoretical considerations.
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