Improved detection of insecticide resistance through conventional and molecular techniques.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
W G Brogdon
Publications and source records attributed to W G Brogdon.
Laboratory and field microassay of cholinesterases in whole blood, plasma, and erythrocytes.
A straightforward method is described for determination of the activities of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase from single 10-mul samples of highly diluted whole blood. The procedure is a spectrophotometric microassay adapted for use with microtitration plates. The use of an enzyme immunoassay reader facilitates the rapid analysis of large numbers of samples. An inexpensive adaptation of the method was also devised that requires no instrumentation and was evaluated under field conditions in Haiti. Either the field or laboratory versions of the method can accurately determine increments of 10% or less in the level of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase or cholinesterase in whole blood, plasma, or erythrocytes.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Mosquito protein microassay. I. Protein determinations from small portions of single-mosquito homogenates.
A microassay is described for determining protein levels in individual mosquitoes. This method requires only a small portion of a homogenate of a single mosquito. Protein levels in Anopheles albimanus are positively correlated with body weight. Protein levels for different geographic strains of Anopheles albimanus and different generations of laboratory rearings are compared.
Animals↗
Mosquito protein microassay. II. Modification for potential field use.
A simple microassay is described for determining protein levels in individual mosquitoes; this method should be useful on a routine basis in the field. This method requires only a small portion of a homogenate of a single mosquito. Sugar-fed adult female Anopheles albimanus showed a slow decline in protein level for 14 days post-emergence. Blood volumes and blood-meal protein levels were microassayed, and changes in protein level were monitored throughout the reproductive cycle. Blood-fed Anopheles albimanus protein levels return only slowly to pre-feeding levels following egg deposition.
Aging↗
A microassay system for measuring esterase activity and protein concentration in small samples and in high-pressure liquid chromatography eluate fractions.
A microtiter plate spectrophotometric system has been used together with the Bradford, Ellman, and van Asperen assays to measure protein concentration (to 0.5 microgram) and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (to 10(-3) units) and carboxylesterase (to 30 micrograms beta-naphthol reaction product) in small samples such as high-performance liquid chromatographic eluate fractions. For 100-microliter samples, at least 300 Ellman acetylcholinesterase or Bradford protein assays can be conducted and read in less than 30 min, and a like number of van Asperen nonspecific esterase assays (including 1-h incubation) run in less than 90 min. The eluate from a single 20-min high-performance liquid chromatographic run of a biological sample can be collected as up to 300 fractions directly into microtiter plate wells, and the three assays run on all fractions in less than 90 min.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Insecticide resistance and vector control.
Insecticide resistance has been a problem in all insect groups that serve as vectors of emerging diseases. Although mechanisms by which insecticides become less effective are similar across all vector taxa, each resistance problem is potentially unique and may involve a complex pattern of resistance foci. The main defense against resistance is close surveillance of the susceptibility of vector populations. We describe the mechanisms of insecticide resistance, as well as specific instances of resistance emergence worldwide, and discuss prospects for resistance management and priorities for detection and surveillance.
Animals↗