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Biomedical subjects

W Fischer

Publications and source records attributed to W Fischer.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Avulsion fractures of the foot].

The avulsion (strain) fractures of the foot can be divided into two groups. Indications for conservative or operative treatment are discussed in detail.

Foot Injuries↗
PubMed1984

[Psychiatry of the physician J.C. Reil--a critical view].

Reil (1759-1813) was one of the doctors who developed psychiatry in Germany. He represented a materialist psychiatry with dialectical aspects. His concept, which was orientated mainly on therapy, is based on the assumption that mental disturbances can be healed. He proposed the establishment of psychiatric hospitals in order to eliminate the hospitalization of the sick in the same building as healthy and to permit the application of specific forms of treatment. The methods he used to heal mental disorders were partly repressive, but they also contained elements of psychotherapeutic treatment.

Germany↗
PubMed1984

[Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spurzheim--forerunners of biological psychiatry].

Gall (1758-1828) and Spurzheim (1776-1832) were among those who developed the basic ideas of biological psychiatry. They attempted to identify a relationship between the structure and function of the brain. Although this led to speculation regarding physiognosis, it simultaneously represented a decisive step towards a scientific approach in psychiatry, which was then in its infancy. The patient was freed of gult. Mental illnesses were considered to be healable, because they were of organic origin, and this led to therapeutic optimism. The emphasis placed on endogenic factors, however, nourished biologistic views.

Germany↗
PubMed1984

[Indications and methods for kidney sonography and isotope renography in pregnancy].

Ultrasonographic determination of the renal parenchyma/pyelon index (PPI) and semi-quantitative ING evaluation with complementary consideration of the passage value, following re-positioning, were applied to 114 pregnant women, among them 57 without and another 57 with diseases, as well as to twelve puerperae and 14 gynaecological patients (control group) for the purpose of objectivating urinary stasis in pregnancy. No significant differences were found to exist with regard to PPI and ING parameters in normal early pregnancy between the pregnant probands, on the one hand, and the non-pregnant control group, on the other. However, a significant delay occurred to the activity maximum on the right side in the second trimenon and also on the left side in the third trimenon, yet, without ultrasonographically recordable adequate enlargement of the renal pelvis. Additional delays in maximum activity and half-life of curve decline as well as drop in PPI parameters were recorded (but not statistically secured), primarily on the right side, from pathologically affected pregnant patients (acute pyelonephritis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, gestosis). Pyelon enlargement (PPI decline) in pathologically affected pregnant patients differed from that in clinically intact patients in the third trimenon only in cases of acute pyelonephritis (22 patients). A correlation was established between PPI decline and ING passage data above 70 per cent in 50 per cent of these cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1983

Altered distribution of hexokinase and glucokinase between parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells of rat liver after methapyrilene intoxication.

The cell number as well as the hexokinase and glucokinase activity of liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells were studied in methapyrilene treated rats. The number of nonparenchymal cells was doubled after treatment with methapyrilene for two weeks while that of hepatocytes remained constant. The hexokinase activity was increased fourfold in the nonparenchymal cell fraction while it was unchanged in the parenchymal cells. The glucokinase activity was decreased in the hepatocytes to one third. Hence, the increased hexokinase activity was due to a proliferation of nonparenchymal cells rather than to a toxic dedifferentiation of hepatocytes.

Aminopyridines↗
PubMed1983

Distribution of enzymes of fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in periportal and perivenous rat-liver tissue.

The zonal distribution of cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was studied in microdissected liver tissue. In fed male and female rats the activity of the lipogenic enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase was 1.6-times higher in the perivenous than in the periportal zone of the liver acinus. 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, which is involved in the formation of the ketone body, 3-hydroxybutyrate, exhibited a similar distribution pattern with a 1.5-1.8-times higher activity in the perivenous than in the periportal zone. In contrast, the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, the third enzyme in beta-oxidation, was about equally distributed between the periportal and the perivenous zone of the liver acinus. The results indicate a predominance of lipogenesis in the perivenous, mainly glycolytic zone of the liver acinus. Furthermore, these data support the hypothesis that beta-oxidation supplies energy for basic and anabolic processes like gluconeogenesis in the periportal zone, while it provides acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis besides energy for basic needs in the perivenous zone.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1983

Improved preparation of lipoteichoic acids.

A procedure is described for measuring the extraction of lipoteichoic acids from gram-positive bacteria in absolute terms. Virtually complete extraction was achieved from various bacteria by hot phenol/water if the cells were disrupted. Extraction of whole and delipidated cells and of the membrane fraction gave considerably lower yields. Most of the nucleic acids co-extracted from disrupted cells was removed by treatment with nucleases. Nuclease-resistant nucleic acid, protein, polysaccharide, and teichoic acid were separated from lipoteichoic acid by anionexchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel or hydrophobic interaction chromatography on octyl-Sepharose. Purified preparations were essentially free of polymeric contaminants, retained their alanine ester substitution, and were in the sodium salt form. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography also made it possible to recognize contamination of lipoteichoic acid with its deacylated and lyso-form, and to discriminate molecular species containing two and three, or two and four acyl groups.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1983

Heterogeneous distribution of ATP citrate lyase in rat-liver parenchyma. Microradiochemical determination in microdissected periportal and perivenous liver tissue.

1. A radiochemical microtest was established for the determination of ATP citrate lyase in tissue samples of 0.2-1.0 micrograms dry weight. The specificity of this test system was guaranteed by its coenzyme A dependence as well as by inhibition of the activity measured in presence of a specific antibody. 2. Using this test system ATP citrate lyase activity was determined in microdissected periportal and perivenous liver tissue of fed, fasted and refed animals. The perivenous activity was 1.8-fold and 2.4-fold higher than the periportal one in fed male and female rats respectively. 3. The perivenous to periportal gradient was decreased during starvation-dependent reduction of the ATP citrate lyase activity. On the other hand it was not only restored but enhanced up to 2.8 after refeeding-dependent enhancement of the enzyme activity. 4. The predominance of the ATP citrate lyase activity in the perivenous, mainly glycolytic zone supports the hypothesis of the coordinate zonation of the carbohydrate and the lipid metabolism in the liver parenchyma.

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase↗
PubMed1983

Inversion of the metabolic zonation of rat liver parenchyma by methapyrilene treatment.

Treatment with the antihistaminic agent methapyrilene led to a decrease of glucose-6-phosphatase activity and to an increase of glucose phosphorylating activity in the periportal zone of the liver acinus. However, the glucogenic capacity was maintained by a compensatory elevation of glucose-6-phosphatase and simultaneous reduction of hexokinase and glucokinase in the perivenous zone. The normal metabolic zonation with a glucogenic periportal and a glycolytic perivenous zone was not abolished but inverted by these alterations.

Aminopyridines↗
PubMed1983

Ion-specific diffusion rates through transmembrane protein channels. A molecular dynamics study.

The migration of different alkali metal cations through a transmembrane model channel is simulated by means of the molecular dynamics technique. The parameters of the model are chosen in close relation to the gramicidin A channel. Coulomb- and van der Waals-type potentials between the ions and flexible carbonyl groups of the pore-forming molecule are used to describe the ion channel interaction. The diffusion properties of the ions are obtained from three-dimensional trajectory calculations. The diffusion rates for the different ions Li+, Na+, K+ and Rb+ are affected not only by the mass of the particles but also very strongly by their size. The latter effect is more pronounced for rigid channels, i.e., for binding vibrational frequencies of the CO groups with v greater than 400 cm-1. In this range the selectivity sequence for the diffusion rates is the inverse of that expected from normal rate theory but agrees with that found in experiments for gramicidin A.

Cations, Monovalent↗
PubMed1983

Entropy effects on the ion-diffusion rate in transmembrane protein channels.

We treat the transport of univalent cations through pore-like protein channels in biological membranes analytically, using two models (A + B) for the channel and the ion-channel interaction. A Lennard-Jones-type repulsion between the ions and the pore wall is introduced. We also include Van der Waals- and coulomb-type interactions between polar ligands of the pore-forming protein (e.g., carbonyl groups directed towards the axis of the channel) and the migrating particles. In model A, the polar groups are assumed to occur in pairs of dipoles pointing in opposite directions (as in the gramicidin A channel), while in model B the channel is treated as a pore with a radially isotropic charge distribution. In both models the ion-channel interaction leads to the occurrence of periodic potentials, corresponding to quasi-equilibrium and transition state sites of the ion in the pore. The diffusion rate can be calculated employing rate-theoretical concepts on the basis of microscopic parameters. It is demonstrated that the anomaly (inversion of the normal mass effect) for the transport rates of different ions can be related to differences in the activation entropy. The latter quantity is estimated analytically for both models. As a test, we performed numerical calculations with parameters based on the gramicidin A model. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and data from computer simulations. This shows that simple analytic expressions are well suited for predicting trends in the ionic conductivity of protein channels on the basis of microscopic interactions.

Diffusion↗
PubMed1983

Physiotherapeutic aspects of urine incontinence.

Women suffering from urinary incontinence often lose proper control of their abdominal and pelvic floor muscles. A comprehensive program for differential diagnosis and therapy was therefore devised and tested. Briefing of patients on functional anatomy, application of a pulsating electric current, and exercises in respiration and mobility for the activation of pelvic floor muscles are major therapy elements. Groups of up to 30 start off by exchanging experiences of complaints, followed by exercises coached by an experienced physiotherapist. Beginners and advanced patients are grouped together and separated only for electrotherapy. Some 4-6 weeks are required for treatment (four sessions weekly and 2 hours of attendance daily). Continence was restored by such treatment in 23 of 82 patients (28%), and 38 (46%) improved greatly. Best results were obtained from I. - II. cases. Integration of physiotherapy with multistep therapy for urinary incontinence is described.

Abdominal Muscles↗