Voltage-dependent performance of skeletal muscle pouches: implications for cardiomyoplasty.
Cardiomyoplasty, a new therapy for heart failure, uses autologous skeletal muscle to mechanically assist the heart. The success of dynamic cardiomyoplasty is critically dependent on the contraction strength of the assisting skeletal muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle contracts in a graded response to electrical stimulation. However, in current cardiomyoplasty practice, no systematic technique exists to set the stimulating voltage effecting skeletal muscle contraction. The stimulating voltage is simply set to some multiple of the "threshold" voltage. Furthermore, researchers do not consider the role of stimulating voltage when they determine the amount of assistance afforded during cardiomyoplasty. To more accurately assess the value of this heuristic voltage-setting technique, we investigated the role of stimulating voltage on the strength of contraction of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Six New Zealand white rabbits had isovolumic hydraulic pouches constructed from the latissimus dorsi muscle. The muscles were wrapped around a compliant balloon in which isovolumic pressure development was measured during tetany-inducing burst (pulse-train) stimulation. The tetanic plateau of the pouch pressure record was used to measure the effects of stimulating voltage on skeletal muscle contraction. Results indicated that (1) increasing stimulating voltage from two to four times the "threshold" voltage increased normalized pouch pressure from 0.38 +/- 0.21 to 0.78 +/- 0.12 (mean +/- SD) (p < 0.05); (2) the threshold-normalized voltage necessary to cause maximal muscle contraction varied widely (5.7 +/- 2.0, mean +/- SD; range, 3.1 to 9.3); and (3) the current achieving maximal pressure development varied from 5.6 to 31.4 mA (19.9 +/- 10.4 mA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)