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Biomedical subjects

W A Phillips

Publications and source records attributed to W A Phillips.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Influence of pretransit zeranol implant and receiving diet protein and urea levels on performance of yearling steers.

Two trials were conducted to determine the influence of preshipment zeranol implant and protein and urea levels of the feedlot receiving diet on the performance of yearling steers. In each trial, one-half of the steers were implanted with 36 mg of zeranol 30 d before shipment from El Reno, Oklahoma to Bushland, Texas. In trial 1, receiving diets were fed to 14 d and contained 10.6 (LP), 12.6 (MP), or 16.0% (HP) crude protein (DM basis). A fourth diet contained 10.8% protein with 7% of total N from urea (LPU). In trial 2, receiving diets were also fed for 14 d and contained 12.4 (MP) or 16.7 (HP) protein. Two other diets contained about 16% protein with either 15% HPMU) or 30% (HPHU) of total N from urea. After 14 d on the receiving diets, calves were fed a 70% concentrate intermediate diet for 7 d and were fed an 85% concentrate finishing diet until the end of both trials. Zeranol implants did not significantly affect marketing-transit weight changes, but increased (P less than .05) daily weight gains at all time periods in both trials. In trial 1 on d 14, steers fed the HP diet tended (P less than .10) to have faster gains and greater gain/feed than steers fed the LP and LPU diets, with steers fed the MP diet being intermediate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of assembly and transit stressors on plasma fibrinogen concentration of beef calves.

Plasma fibrinogen concentration was measured in beef calves at various points within the system presently used to assemble, market and transport calves from one production point to another in order to determine the effect of the stresses encountered. A short haul of 160 km immediately after weaning did not significantly elevate fibrinogen concentration above the pretransit values. Yearling steers transported 400 km and confined in unfamiliar surroundings for 15 h did have an elevated (P less than 0.01) concentration of fibrinogen, but this increase was not significantly different from that of steers which were confined but not transported, thus confinement may be a significant portion of the stress associated with transit. The change in plasma fibrinogen concentration during assembly and transit was dependent upon the farm from which the calves originated. The magnitude of the change in fibrinogen concentration as a result of assembly and transit varied between the years studied. In one year pretransit assembly for ten days resulted in a higher fibrinogen concentration before and after transit than assembly for four days, but no difference was noted between the two groups in the second year. Bovine plasma fibrinogen concentration does increase in response to the stresses associated with assembly and transit. The stress of fasting and housing in unfamiliar surroundings also increase bovine plasma fibrinogen concentration and are present in the assembly and transit system. These two stresses may account for a majority of the stress associated with marketing and transit. The response of beef calves to the marketing and transit system varied between years.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of ammonium chloride treatment on human polymorphonuclear leucocyte iodination.

A discontinuous gradient of Percoll was used to remove RBCs from polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) preparations. The resulting red blood cell-free preparation was used to investigate the effect of ammonium chloride on the iodination response of human PMN. Treatment of PMN with ammonium chloride for five minutes at room temperature resulted in a statistically significant increase in the iodination response of both resting and stimulated PMN.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1983

Low quality roughages for steers grazing wheat pasture. I. Effect on weight gains and bloat.

The effect of feeding low quality roughages (LQR) on live and carcass weight gains and the incidence and severity of bloat of stocker cattle grazed on wheat pasture was evaluated in a 3 yr study. One hundred eighty-five steer calves (172 kg mean initial weight) grazed clean-tilled wheat pasture and were either fed no LQR or had ad libitum access to wheat straw (WS) or sorghum-Sudan hay (SS). Grazing periods were (I) fall grazing, (II) winter grazing, (III) period of lush spring growth of wheat forage and (IV) period of advancing forage maturity and declining quality. Mean dry matter (DM), crude protein and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (percentage of DM) of wheat forage averaged across years ranged, respectively, from 23.8 to 33.0, 19.8 to 26.4 and 21.5 to 27.7. Mean daily consumption (kg DM/head) of WS and SS by steers ranged from .076 to .100 and .199 to .248, respectively. Live and carcass weight gains of steers during Periods I through III (i.e., the usual wheat pasture grazing period) were not influenced (P greater than .05) by treatments. Carcass weight gains were about 74% of live weight gains. Bloat was observed only during the last 2 wk of Period III of the first year. The incidence (steer days of bloat) and severity (bloat score) of control, WS- and SS-fed steers were 9.5 and 1.2, .5 and .5 and 2.0 and 1.0, and were not different (P greater than .05) among treatments. Intake of WS and SS [g/body weight (BW).75kg] during Periods I to III was, respectively, only about 5 and 12% of roughage intakes (i.e., 37.5 g/BW.75kg) reported in the literature to "effectively control" or aid the prevention of bloat. It seems unlikely that LQR consumed to amounts similar to those of this study would control bloat of stocker cattle on wheat pasture.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Removal of contaminating erythrocytes from human polymorphonuclear leucocyte preparations.

A simple discontinuous gradient of Percoll has been used to remove the erythrocyte (RBC) contamination in human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) preparations avoiding the possible adverse effects of differential lysis. Mononuclear cells are also removed leaving a preparation with a white cell purity of more than 99% PMN contaminated by less than 2% RBC. The yield of PMN was 40% with respect to whole blood. The metabolic response of cells prepared in this way was found to be comparable with PMN isolated using the technique of Böyum [3]. Small differences in the iodination response of the purified PMN were shown to be the result of the removal of RBCs rather than an inherent effect of the Percoll isolation procedure.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1982

Separation and detection of nitroblue tetrazolium-reducing enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

A technique for detecting the nitroblue tetrazolium-reducing activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte enzymes separated on polyacrylamide gels is reported. Slices of gel are incubated in buffer containing nitroblue tetrazolium and either NADPH or NADH. Enzymes capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium form a dark band due to the formation of the insoluble formazan. By this technique the soluble fraction of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte sonicates was shown to contain several enzymes capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium in the presence of NADPH and NADH.

Chemical Fractionation↗
PubMed1982

Influence of preshipment management on the adrenal response of beef calves to ACTH before and after transit.

The influence of preshipment management, transit (965 km) and postshipment management upon the ability of the adrenal gland to respond to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was evaluated in 60 beef calves (47 bulls and 13 steers). Adrenal response to ACTH treatment was quantified before shipment (PRE), about 24 h (POST) and 3 wk after transit (3 WK). Calves were assembled for 4 or 10 d before shipment and fed either a hay or a high energy diet (HE). The area under the plotted curve for the plasma corticoid concentration response to ACTH was used as an adrenal response test (ART). The feeding of hay during the first 4 d of assembly resulted in a greater (P less than .05) PRE ART value than feeding of the HE diet, but after 10 d of assembly, the ART was similar for animals on the two diets. The ART at 24 h after transit was similar to that before shipment. The HE group had a greater (P less than .05) ART than the hay group 3 wk after arrival, however, values were dependent upon postshipment management. Placement of calves on winter wheat pasture soon after arrival resulted in greater ART (P less than .05) values after the 3 wk recovery period than for calves that grazed native range for 10 or 20 d before grazing winter wheat pasture. These data indicate that the ability of the adrenal gland to respond to ACTH is increased at preshipment if the assembly period is 4 d compared to 10 d and the adrenal response at 3 wk after arrival is greater if a HE diet is fed during assembly instead of hay.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1982

Orthopaedic management of lumbosacral agenesis. Long-term follow-up.

Twenty-two patients with lumbosacral agenesis were treated at the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Chicago Unit, from 1953 to 1979. At the time of this study, ten of the patients were skeletally mature after an average follow-up of 24.1 years. Two patients had died, twelve could be examined, and eight who were unable to return for examination responded to a questionnaire. Eleven of the patients had diabetic mothers. Of the orthopaedic problems in these patients, knee-flexion contractures with popliteal webbing were the most difficult to correct. These deformities varied in severity with the level of the agenesis and the resulting loss of motor power. Other problems were dislocations and flexions contractures of the hips, scoliosis, equinovarus deformities of the foot, and instability at the spinal-pelvic junction. When there was inadequate quadriceps function it was difficult to correct knee-flexion contractures and to prevent them from recurring. For severe knee deformity, knee disarticulation and prosthetic fitting were the most effective treatment. Spinal-pelvic instability was not a problem in eighteen of the twenty surviving patients. Unreduced dislocated hips also did not cause any problems.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1980

Visualization and memorization as a function of display time and poststimulus processing time.

Three experiments investigated the relationship of short- and long-term components of visual memory to the processing time at presentation. The components were isolated by measuring the recognition of novel visual patterns after a short, unfilled retention interval (STVM) or after interference (LTVM). Experiment 1 showed a dissociation of STVM and LTVM when display time of the target was varied. STVM increased rapily as the display time increased from 60 msec to 200 msec, a result confirmed in Experiment 2 for patterns at two levels of complexity. LTVM increased slowly and irratically as display time increased from 60 msec to 2.6 sec. No increase in LTVM was seen when poststimulus processing time was extended from 400 msec to 2.7 sec. The results post severe problems for single trace theories of visual memory and for serial models that claim that all information in LTVM Is derived from STVM. The distinction between maintenance and elaboration is used to explain the occurrence of visualization without memorization.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A simple micro-assay for neutrophil bactericidal activity.

A micro-titre assay of neutrophil intracellular bactericidal activity is presented which requires only a relatively small number of cells and which is simple to perform, making it suitable for use in a clinical situation.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1979

Animal models for an integrated approach to the pharmacologic control of atherosclerosis.

A system of animal models potentially useful for the discovery and evaluation of new effective antiatherosclerotic agents is described. The models consist of a series of lipoprotein and atherosclerosis assays in rats, SEA Japanese quail and cynomolgus monkeys. SEA quail are particularly useful for detecting compounds that inhibit arterial cholesterol deposition. The use of this integrated system of models is illustrated with data on clofibrate, adamantyloxyaniline (a hypobetalipoproteinemic agent), and o,p'-DDD. Male SEA quail appear to be a quite satisfactory model for testing the effects of large numbers of compounds on atherosclerosis and are available in limited numbers to all qualified investigators in the field of atherosclerosis research for evaluation in their laboratories.

Adamantane↗
PubMed1978

Selected animal models for systematic antiatherosclerotic drug development.

We have developed an integrated system for antiatherosclerosis drug development utilizing rats, SEA quail, and cynomolgus monkeys as animal models. In general, the way the system is presently functioning is that thousands of compounds per year are randomly screened for hypobeta- or hyperalphalipoproteinemic activity in rats, and hundreds of compounds per year are screened in SEA quail for antiatherosclerotic and hypocholesterolaric activity. A few selected compounds that have activity in both rats and quail are then tested for lipoprotein modifying activity in cynomolgus monkeys. Nontoxic compounds having very good lipoprotein modifying activity in the monkey will then be recommended for clinical trials in man. We do not anticipate that this battery of testing will guarantee activity in man, but are hoping that it will at least increase the probability for finding a truly effective antiatherosclerotic drug to control the human disease.

Animals↗