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Biomedical subjects

W A Murphy

Publications and source records attributed to W A Murphy.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

The use of computed tomography to distinguish osteochondroma and chondrosarcoma.

Computed tomography (CT) was performed prior to surgery on six patients with osteochondroma and six with chondrosarcoma. Criteria for distinguishing these two types of cartilage tumors were developed from classical radiological descriptions and known pathological characteristics. Application of these criteria to CT images permitted accurate diagnosis of eleven of the tumors and provided anatomical information important for surgical planning. Review of six previously published cases of cartilage tumors supported the findings. CT appears to be effective in the preoperative differentiation of osteochondroma and chondrosarcoma, including cases where this distinction cannot be made with conventional radiographs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Percutaneous skeletal biopsy 1981: a procedure for radiologists--results, review, and recommendations.

A retrospective study of 169 percutaneous skeletal biopsies performed by radiologists at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology and Barnes Hospital between October 1974 and July 1980 showed an overall accuracy of 94%; a negative result had a predictive value of 92%. A review of the English-language literature revealed that nearly 10,000 aspiration or trephine musculoskeletal biopsies have been reported during the past 50 years; historical accuracy is approximately 80%, but this figure is probably an underestimate because true-negative cases may not have been well documented or tabulated. The authors believe that percutaneous skeletal biopsy should be considered a radiological procedure, and that radiologists could and should perform this procedure as part of a team effort.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1981

Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Engelmann disease(: scintigraphic-radiographic-clinical correlations.

Four patients (2 males, 2 females; ages 15-47 yrs.) with variable clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic manifestations of progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (PDD) or Engelmann disease were studied with 99mTc methylene diphosphonate bone imaging and radiographic skeletal surveys. Comparison of the results of the two imaging procedures showed that some affected bones were scintigraphically normal but radiographically abnormal and vice versa. These findings suggest that the lesions of PDD may mature, causing a significant decrease in disease activity, and that abnormally increased radiopharmaceutical accumulation during bone scintigraphy appears to be a sensitive indicator of disease activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Potent, highly selective inhibition of growth hormone secretion by position 4 somatostatin analogs.

Aromatic position 4 somatostatin (SS) analogs were synthesized by solid phase methodology and assayed in vivo for their effects on pentobarbital-stimulated GH levels in fed rats and insulin and glucagon levels in fasted rats. [F5-Phe4]SS was approximately 3 times more active than somatostatin in inhibiting all three hormones. [Phe4,D-Trp8]SS inhibited GH about 4 times more effectively than somatostatin and was only twice as active as somatostatin in the pancreas. [rho-NH2-Phe4]SS exhibited strong selectivity toward inhibition of GH, being 4 times more potent than somatostatin in the pituitary while only about 40% as active in the pancreas. [rho-NH2-Phe4,D-Trp8]SS maintained this same degree of selectivity toward GH inhibition and exhibited a striking 15-fold increase in activity in the pituitary compared to somatostatin. All four analogs inhibited GH for a longer period of time than somatostatin when administered sc at a dose of 10 microgram/100 g BW. [rho-NH2-Phe4,D-Trp8]SS was the longest acting of these analogs, with approximately a 2-h duration of inhibition of GH. [Phe4]SS, administered iv at a dose of 50 microgram/100 g BW, also inhibited GH for approximately 2 h. These data further support the feasibility of developing long-acting somatostatin analogs with selectivity toward a given hormone.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

Arthrography of the temporomandibular joint.

The temporomandibular joint is anatomically and functionally complex. Some of its internal secrets may be delineated by careful arthrography. However, the arthrographer must pay as much attention to the dynamic joint as to static images. At the very least, TMJ arthrography has shown that there are anatomic abnormalities which account for many components of the syndrome of TMJ pain and dysfunction. Clicks, locks, perforations, and detachments, as well as their many variations, can be easily documented. As a diagnostic tool, TMJ arthrography is still in its infancy, but it should help in planning rational conservative and surgical intervention. The future for this technique is exciting.

Cartilage, Articular↗
PubMed1980

Osteopathia striata associated with familial dermopathy and white forelock: evidence for postnatal development of osteopathia striata.

Osteopathia striata and a macular, hyperpigmented dermopathy were found in a Caucasian woman and her two daughters. Sequential radiographs in one daughter showed that the bone lesions were not present during infancy but developed during early childhood. The skin lesions were not those most often associated with osteopathia striata, but appeared tgo be a unique dermatosis, which also included a hypopigmented forelock. A son had neither osseous nor ectodermal lesions. These abnormalities appear to represent a new syndrome, which is inherited with X-linked or autosomal dominant transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis and basal ganglia calcification in three sisters.

Three adult sisters with osteopetrosis in infancy had spontaneous resolution of bone modeling defects and osteosclerosis. During adolescence, basal ganglia calcification developed in two. Renal tubular acidosis (type I) was diagnosed in each during early adulthood. The disorder was transmitted apparently as a recessive trait--the same mode of inheritance as for the "malignant" form of osteopetrosis which is usually fatal during childhood. Electron microscopy of bone suggested that osteoclasts failed to form "ruffled membranes" characteristic of active bone resorbing cells. Chronic systemic acidosis may have ameliorated the skeletal manifestations of this new syndrome.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1980

[Phe4]somatostatin: a potent, selective inhibitor of growth hormone release.

[Phe4]Somatostatin was twice as active as somatostatin (SS) in suppressing rat growth hormone release in vitro but had only weak activity toward inhibition of insulin and glucagon release in vivo. The ability of this analogue to inhibit growth hormone release more actively than SS was confirmed in vivo by two separately designed bioassays. Further structure/activity studies of position 4 were carried out with [Glu4]SS, [Thr4]SS, and des-Lys4-SS, all of which had negligible inhibiting activity in the pituitary and pancreas. In this context the strikingly selective activity of [Phe4]SS suggests a fundamental difference in the SS receptors of pituitary and pancreas and the normal side-chain basicity of position 4 appears to be more important for action in pancreas than in pituitary. [Phe4]SS has properties that may be useful in the development of agents for the treatment of acromegaly or other disorders associated with increased growth hormone levels.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Synthesis and biological actions of prosomatostatin.

The recently isolated 28-residue sequence of prosomatostatin, a putative somatostatin precursor from pig hypothalamus and intestine, was synthesized by solid-phase methodology, characterized, and tested in rats for its effects on the release of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and prolactin. The synthetic product strongly suppressed plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone, and it appeared to be more active in the pancreas than in the pituitary. It inhibited insulin release about 5 times more effectively than somatostatin on a weight basis. The prohormone also suppressed growth hormone and prolactin levels in vitro. A time-course experiment for the effect of prosomatostatin on growth hormone release in vivo showed a significant suppression of plasma growth hormone for at least 90 min.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Computed tomography in planning percutaneous bone biopsy.

Computed tomography (CT) was performed prior to anticipated percutaneous bone biopsy in 19 patients. The CT results were categorized on the basis of how useful they were in prebiopsy planning. In four cases CT was not useful, in four cases it was confirmatory, and in 11 cases it was definitive. CT influenced the choice of biopsy site, needle type, or position in seven of the 11 cases, and it indicated that no biopsy should be performed in four cases. It is concluded that CT is useful in prebiopsy planning and management.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1980

Radiologic identification of unknown human remains.

During the 15 months from April 1978 through July 1979, 3964 cases were referred to the City of St. Louis, Office of the Medical Examiner. Of these, 71 (1.8%) required investigation to establish identification (ID). All cases were rigorously investigated to establish the most scientifically sound ID possible. In addition to evidence from the scene, fingerprint, dental, and X-ray studies were attempted. Fifty (80.4%) individuals were scientifically identified, 17 (24%) were circumstantially identified, and 4 (5.6%) remain unidentified. Thirty (60%) of the 50 scientific IDs were by comparison of premortem and postmortem radiographs. Positive ID was accomplished in 22 cases of decomposition, 4 fire victims, 2 inadvertent body misidentifications, 1 submersion victim, and 1 suicide. Although all regions of the body were useful for ID, chest, skull, and abdominal radiographs were most frequently helpful. Anatomic, disease, and postsurgical features provided the unique features necessary for identification.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1979

Skeletal abnormalities after jejunoileal bypass.

Jejunoileal bypass surgery is fraught with many longterm complications, among which is hypovitaminosis D. The relationship, if any, of hypovitaminosis D to the skeletal disease which may occur following this operation is, however, unknown. Consequently, we studied eight patients with low circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D who had undergone jejunoileal bypass at least two and one-half years previously. Despite the absence of skeletal symptoms, the bone biopsies of six of these patients were abnormal. The volume of trabecular bone was diminished in the group as a whole, and half the patients had an excess of unmineralized skeletal matrix. However, no noninvasive diagnostic technique identified those patients with skeletal disease. We therefore conclude that recognition of those jejunoileal bypass patients potentially at risk to develop clinically significant bone disease requires biopsy of the skeleton.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Computed tomography of long-bone osteosarcoma.

Six cases of osteosarcoma, including medullary, parosteal, periosteal, and intracortical types, were studied by computed tomography (CT). In selected cases, CT provided additional preoperative information as to osseous size and soft-tissue extent. CT helped determine intramedullary involvement and specific sites of cortical destruction and thereby helped to plan the surgical approach to biopsy and the definitive excision.

Adolescent↗