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Biomedical subjects

W A Gardner

Publications and source records attributed to W A Gardner.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Intestinal trichomonads (Tritrichomonas mobilensis) in the natural host Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis.

A retrospective study of cecal and colonic tissues from 28 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis) demonstrated enteric trichomonads within luminal crypts. Twenty-one of 28 (75%) had trichomonads in the mucosal epithelium either in cup-like depressions or intraepithelial vacuoles. Organisms were also beneath the superficial luminal mucosal epithelium and between the basement membrane and crypt epithelial cells. Immunoperoxidase staining also identified organisms within the lamina propria and submucosa. Additional histologic changes included mucosal ulceration, multifocal cryptitis, and focal epithelial necrosis. Most areas containing trichomonads did not have an associated inflammatory response.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Intraprostatic spermatozoa in the squirrel monkey.

The recent observation of spermatozoa within the human prostate prompted this study to determine if spermatozoa were present in prostates of nonhuman primates. Six of 32 squirrel monkey prostates contained intraglandular spermatozoa. No associated pathologic lesions were found. Spermiophages were seen in one case. Although intraprostatic spermatozoa have been postulated to play a role in various prostatic diseases, a normal physiologic phenomenon cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Intraprostatic spermatozoa.

Spermatozoa have not previously been described within the prostate gland. Nine of one hundred prostates of nonhospitalized males obtained from autopsy during the course of medicolegal death investigation were found to contain spermatozoa. The potential role of spermatozoa in the pathogenesis of corpora amylacea/calculi formation, granulomatous inflammation, local antigenic stimulation, and carcinogenesis is considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Uses and limitations of prostate-specific antigen in the laboratory diagnosis of prostate cancer.

We have studied the clinical utility of a recently developed assay for a prostate specific protein (prostate-specific antigen). Histochemical demonstration of prostate-specific antigen has a higher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma than does prostatic acid phosphatase. Similarly, measurement of prostate-specific antigen by immunoassay in serum is a more sensitive indicator of tumor stage and recurrence after therapy than prostatic acid phosphatase. More information is needed, however, regarding the variation in this protein with different therapeutic methods.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Basic properties of Tritrichomonas mobilensis hemagglutinin.

Tritrichomonas mobilensis is a recently described enteric protozoon of squirrel monkeys. An earlier report identified one of the metabolic products of this organism as a lectinlike hemagglutinin. Its further properties were determined in this study. Culture supernatants of T. mobilensis FP4190 were concentrated by ultrafiltration through a membrane with 100,000-molecular-weight cutoff. High titers of agglutinin against human erythrocytes were obtained. Incubation at 70 degrees C for 15 min resulted in complete inactivation. Exposure to 56 degrees C for 30 min was without effect, and only partial loss of activity was obtained during incubation for up to 18 h. Maintenance at pH 4 to 9 for 4 h at room temperature had no deleterious effect. Apparent degradation of the hemagglutinin was achieved by 18 h of contact with proteinase K, but trypsin and collagenase were essentially ineffective. Papain increased the sensitivity of the test. In the presence of this enzyme hemagglutinin was demonstrated also in cultures of Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas augusta but not in those of Pentatrichomonas hominis or Trichomonas vaginalis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Pathogenicity of Tritrichomonas mobilensis: subcutaneous inoculation in mice.

The standard "subcutaneous mouse assay" was used to investigate the inherent pathogenicity of Tritrichomonas mobilensis, an intestinal parasite of squirrel monkeys. C57B1/6 mice given subcutaneous bilateral inocula of T. mobilensis died by day 4 postinoculation with lesions too small to be measured. Control mice similarly inoculated with pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Trichomonas vaginalis survived the challenge and produced lesions on day 6 with mean volumes in agreement with previous reports. CD1 mice similarly inoculated with standard and double doses of trichomonads (T. mobilensis) again produced small lesions. CD1 mice inoculated at double dosage were moribund or dead on days 5 and 6, respectively, postinoculation. Necropsies were performed on dead and sacrificed mice. Tissues were obtained from internal organs for histology and culture. Unexpectedly, trichomonads were cultured from liver and lung of C57B1/6 mice at the standard level of inoculation and liver, lung, and spleen of CD1 mice at the higher level of inoculation. Although trichomonads are normally considered surface-dwelling noninvasive organisms, the penetration of trichomonads to deep tissues is not without precedent. Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas gallinae are known to invade tissues of their respective hosts. Trichomonas vaginalis has been demonstrated in subepithelial areas of both the prostate gland and cervix of humans. The ability of several species of trichomonads to invade tissues and/or migrate to other sites in their hosts suggests a need for revision of the concept of trichomonads as strictly lumen or surface-dwelling parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Subepithelial organisms in trichomonal cervicitis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is usually described as a surface-dwelling, noninvasive organism. Most studies of the pathogenicity of this organism have been derived from cytologic studies of uterine cervical epithelium. We employed specific immunoperoxidase techniques that allow the identification of organisms in cytologic and histologic specimens. In a case of trichomonal cervicitis these organisms were demonstrated both on the epithelial surface and in subepithelial tissues. Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Atrophy and proliferation in the young adult prostate.

Atrophic and proliferative changes in the prostate gland are regarded as beginning in middle age and characterizing the prostates of older men. A total of 51 prostates of men between 19 and 29 years old demonstrated a spectrum of proliferative abnormalities, including ductal and glandular hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and incipient adenocarcinoma. The majority of the prostates also contained substantial areas of atrophy. Patterns of atrophic change included cystic dilatation of glands with flattened epithelium apparently secondary to obstructive hyperplasia of ductal epithelium, areas comparable to sclerotic atrophy of the aged prostate and segments having the appearance of a prepubertal unstimulated prostate. These observations contrast sharply with conventional concepts of the biology of the prostate gland, and suggest a number of hypotheses regarding the early antecedents and evolution of prostatic carcinoma and cancer in general.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Renal pelvic carcinoma: morphological correlates of metastatic behavior.

We report a clinicopathological analysis of morphological parameters in relation to subsequent biological behavior in 48 patients with renal pelvic carcinoma. The relationships of subsequent metastasis to tumor stage and grade, as well as the presence of vascular, renal parenchymal or renal hilar invasion were evaluated by parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Corrected 5-year survival rates for grades 1 to 3 tumors were 100, 67 and 5 per cent, respectively. Grade 3 tumors demonstrated more invasion of the blood vessels, hilus and renal parenchyma compared to grades 1 and 2 tumors (p less than 0.005, 46 patients). Moreover, invasion of renal hilar tissues had greater predictive value for subsequent distant metastatic spread (95 per cent, nonparametric) than either vascular (83 per cent) or renal parenchymal (77 per cent) invasion. Metastases developed in 27 of 48 patients during followup periods of 2 to 39 years. The pattern of metastatic lesions revealed that local spread to hilar soft tissues occurred in 92 per cent of the patients who subsequently had distant metastases. Spread to retroperitoneal lymph nodes and ipsilateral ureteral mucosa occurred in 84 and 44 per cent of the patients, respectively. Our study illustrates the potential value of analysis of individual histological parameters to evaluate the likelihood of subsequent metastasis.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Detection of hemagglutinins in cultures of squirrel monkey intestinal trichomonads.

Intestinal trichomonads are very common inhabitants of captive squirrel monkeys. In evaluating the potential pathogenicity of these organisms, we encountered hitherto unknown hemagglutinins in their culture fluids. The cytopathic effect associated with a number of the isolates resembled that caused by vacuolating viruses. We have ruled out conventional viruses as the cause of the cytopathic effect and as the source of the hemagglutinin. The agglutinin has some of the basic characteristics of lectins. Parallel experiments demonstrated agglutination of erythrocytes from squirrel monkeys, humans, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and horses, with the first two types being the most sensitive. Relatively less agglutination was seen with rat erythrocytes. Agglutination of sheep, rabbit, chicken, and bovine erythrocytes was virtually absent.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Experimental genital trichomoniasis in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

The squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) has been proposed as a model for urogenital trichomoniasis in man, but has not been accepted as such because of the purported presence of naturally occurring vaginal trichomonads in this animal. The study published here shows that these are easily eradicated organisms of intestinal origin, which eliminates the potential confusion created by them. In addition, our experiments have shown that the hormonal status of primates seems to be a determinant in successfully establishing experimental trichomoniasis. This experimental infection recapitulates the clinical observations sufficiently to warrant the use of this model for studies of vaginal trichomoniasis.

Animals↗