Thromboembolic complications of ventriculoatrial shunts.
Ventriculoatrial shunts were first developed in the 1940s and shortly thereafter became the treatment of choice for noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Although the mortality rate for noncommunicating hydrocephalus has fallen from 80% to 20%, ventriculoatrial shunts continue to have major life-threatening complications such as thromboemboli, infection, and shunt malfunction. This report presents the cases of two adult hydrocephalic patients who developed pulmonary emboli and sepsis after being treated with ventriculoatrial shunts. One patient, whose complications were not recognized until late in the course, died of pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure despite removal of the shunt and aggressive medical therapy. Complications in the second patient were discovered early, the shunt was removed, and intravenous antibiotics were used for weeks to combat sepsis and bacterial endocarditis.