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Biomedical subjects

V Stich

Publications and source records attributed to V Stich.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity without altering plasma levels and gene expression of adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese men.

CONTEXT: Obesity is characterized by a low-grade inflammatory state, which could play a role in insulin resistance. Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate, in obese subjects, whether the insulin sensitizing effect of dynamic strength training is associated with changes in plasma levels and gene expression of adipokines potentially involved in the development of insulin resistance. DESIGN: Twelve obese male subjects were investigated before and at the end of 3 months of dynamic strength training. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Blood samples and needle biopsy samples of sc abdominal adipose tissue were obtained. The plasma levels and adipose tissue mRNA levels of adiponectin, leptin, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were determined. RESULTS: The training induced an increase in the whole-body glucose disposal rate by 24% (P = 0.04). The body weight was not altered during the training. Plasma levels of leptin decreased during the training (16.6 +/- 6.3 vs. 13.1 +/- 5.7 ng/ml) by 21% (P < 0.02), whereas no change in plasma levels of other adipokines and C-reactive protein was observed. Gene expression of the investigated adipokines was not changed in sc adipose tissue during the training. CONCLUSIONS: In obese subjects, the dynamic strength training resulted in an improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity. The increase in insulin sensitivity was not associated with training-induced modifications of plasma levels or adipose tissue gene expression of adipokines supposedly involved in the development of insulin resistance.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed2006

Randomized, multi-center trial of two hypo-energetic diets in obese subjects: high- versus low-fat content.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a hypo-energetic low-fat diet is superior to a hypo-energetic high-fat diet for the treatment of obesity. DESIGN: Open-label, 10-week dietary intervention comparing two hypo-energetic (-600 kcal/day) diets with a fat energy percent of 20-25 or 40-45. SUBJECTS: Obese (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)) adult subjects (n = 771), from eight European centers. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight loss, dropout rates, proportion of subjects who lost more than 10% of initial body weight, blood lipid profile, insulin and glucose. RESULTS: The dietary fat energy percent was 25% in the low-fat group and 40% in the high-fat group (mean difference: 16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 15-17)%). Average weight loss was 6.9 kg in the low-fat group and 6.6 kg in the high-fat group (mean difference: 0.3 (95% CI -0.2 to 0.8) kg). Dropout was 13.6% (n = 53) in the low-fat group and 18.3% (n = 70) in the high-fat group (P=0.001). Among completers, more subjects lost >10% in the low-fat group than in the high-fat group ((20.8%, n = 70) versus (14.7%, n = 46), P = 0.02). Fasting plasma total, low-density lipoprotein- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased in both groups, but more so in the low-fat group than in the high-fat group. Fasting plasma insulin and glucose were lowered equally by both diets. CONCLUSIONS: The low-fat diet produced similar mean weight loss as the high-fat diet, but resulted in more subjects losing >10% of initial body weight and fewer dropouts. Both diets produced favorable changes in fasting blood lipids, insulin and glucose.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Changes in serum and adipose tissue fatty acid composition after low calorie diet with respect to dietary fat content in obese].

BACKGROUND: Recently, a new attention has been paid to beneficial effects of high-fat diet on the body weight reduction and metabolic profile in obese subjects. In this study we compared the effects of two hypocaloric diets with different proportion of fat on fatty acid composition (FA) in blood and adipose tissue (AT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-four obese subjects were submitted to 10 weeks' low-calorie diet. Subjects were randomized into low-fat diet (LFD) (20-25% of energy content) and high-fat diet groups (HFD) (40-45%). Before and at the end of the intervention, samples of blood and subcutaneous AT were taken for the analysis of fatty acid composition. The diet-induced body weight and fat mass reduction were not different between the two diets. Plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) were reduced during HFD only. Both diets reduced proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in AT and of saturated fatty acid in blood TAG, with no difference between the diets. HFD induced a higher increase of monounsaturated fatty acids in blood TAG. No other diet-induced changes were found in proportion of major classes of fatty acids. In respect to individual fatty acids, the diets induced a number of changes in AT and blood, the changes, however, not being different between the diets. CONCLUSION: Hypocaloric diets induce a number of changes in fatty acid composition in blood and adipose tissue, with little differences in respect to the proportion of fat in the diet. The results suggest the diet-induced changes in fatty acid composition are controlled by the calorie deficit of the diet and the proportion of dietary fat plays a minor role.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity and functional balance between adrenergic alpha 2A and beta pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to investigate whether dynamic strength training modifies the control of lipolysis, with particular attention paid to the involvement of the antilipolytic adrenergic alpha 2A receptor (ADRA2A) pathway. METHODS: Twelve obese men (age: 47.4+/-2.8 years; BMI: 32.7+/-0.9) were investigated during a 210-min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp conducted before and after 3 months of dynamic strength training. Before and during the third hour of the clamp, the lipolytic effect of a perfusion of isoproterenol or adrenaline (epinephrine) alone or associated with the ADRA2A antagonist phentolamine was evaluated using the microdialysis method of measuring extracellular glycerol concentration (EGC) in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). In addition, biopsies of SCAAT were carried out before and after training to determine mRNA levels RESULTS: The training increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. The decrease of EGC was more pronounced during the clamp conducted after the training period than during the clamp done in pre-training conditions. Before and after the training, catecholamines induced an increase in EGC, the increase being lower during the clamp on each occasion. The isoproterenol-induced increase in EGC was higher after the training. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was potentiated by phentolamine after but not before the training. There were no training-induced changes in mRNA levels of key genes of the lipolytic pathway in SCAAT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In obese subjects, dynamic strength training improves whole-body and adipose tissue insulin responsiveness. It increases responsiveness to the adrenergic beta receptor stimulation of lipolysis and to the antilipolytic action of catecholamines mediated by ADRA2As.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2005

Serum amyloid A: production by human white adipocyte and regulation by obesity and nutrition.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The acute-phase proteins, serum amyloid As (SAA), are precursors of amyloid A, involved in the pathogenesis of AA amyloidosis. This work started with the characterisation of systemic AA amyloidosis concurrent with SAA overexpression in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) of an obese patient with a leptin receptor deficiency. In the present study a series of histopathological, cellular and gene expression studies was performed to assess the importance of SAA in common obesity and its possible production by mature adipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gene expression profiling was performed in the sWAT of two extremely obese patients with a leptin receptor deficiency. Levels of the mRNAs of the different SAA isoforms were quantified in sWAT cellular fractions from lean subjects and from obese subjects before and after a very-low-calorie diet. These values were subsequently compared with serum levels of SAA in these individuals. In addition, histopathological analyses of sWAT were performed in lean and obese subjects. RESULTS: In sWAT, the expression of SAA is more than 20-fold higher in mature adipocytes than in the cells of the stroma vascular fraction (p<0.01). Levels of SAA mRNA expression and circulating levels of the protein are sixfold (p<0.001) and 3.5-fold (p<0.01) higher in obese subjects than in lean subjects, respectively. In lean subjects, 5% of adipocytes are immunoreactive for SAA, whereas the corresponding value is greater than 20% in obese subjects. Caloric restriction results in decreases of 45-75% in levels of the transcripts for the SAA isoforms and in circulating levels of the protein. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The results of the present study indicate that SAA is expressed by sWAT, and its production at this site is regulated by nutritional status. If amyloidosis is seen in the context of obesity, it is possible that production of SAA by adipocytes could be a contributory factor.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2005

[Bavarian mammography screening program].

In Bavaria since the 1st April 2003 we have been conducting a high quality mammography-screening carried out in individual practises (BMS). We have used the European and the S 3 guidelines. The best diagnosis is an early diagnosis of the breast carcinoma to save human life. Because of this and the high mortality rate due to this disease it is essential to have a mammogram screening program. There is no single one ideal way of constructing a screening program, it is always based on compromise within the particular health care-systems. Arising problems cannot be avoided, it is only possible when all parties work closely together that the BMS works properly.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Transcriptomics applied to obesity and caloric restriction.

Caloric restriction still remains the most efficient way to promote weight loss. Deciphering the molecular basis of adaptation to energy restriction is critical for the tailoring of new therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the recent input of gene profiling on adipose tissue in obesity pathogenesis and on the new insights on adaptations occurring during very low caloric diet (VLCD) in humans. Hypocaloric diets improve a wide range of metabolic parameters including lipolytic efficiency, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory profile. In the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) the VLCD induced a decrease in the mRNA levels for the antilipolytic alpha2-adrenergic receptor associated with changes in catecholamine-induced adipocyte lipolytic capacity. The improvement in insulin sensitivity was not associated with a change in subcutaneous adipose tissue adiponectin gene expression or in its plasma level, suggesting that adiponectin is not involved in the regulation of VLCD-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity and that there is a small contribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue to plasma adiponectin levels. Pangenomic microarray studies in human scWAT revealed that a panel of inflammatory markers and acute phase reactants were over expressed in obese compared to lean subjects. Caloric restriction improved the inflammatory profile of obese subjects through a decrease of pro-inflammatory factors and an increase of anti-inflammatory molecules. These genes were mostly expressed in the stroma vascular fraction of the adipose tissue. Specific cell-type isolation and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that monocyte/macrophage lineage cells were responsible for the expression of both mRNA and protein inflammatory markers. The acute phase proteins serum amyloid A was highly expressed in mature adipocytes from obese subjects. Caloric restriction decreased both serum amyloid mRNA and circulating levels. Obesity now clearly appears as chronic low-grade inflammation state. Modulation of the inflammatory pathways may represent new therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity-related complications.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Physiological regulation of NEFA availability: lipolysis pathway.

Plasma NEFA are an important energy substrate and, furthermore, play a key role in the induction of insulin resistance in the body. The availability of NEFA is determined predominantly by their mobilization from adipose tissue triacylglycerol stores by the process of lipolysis. Adipose tissue lipolysis in man is regulated by a number of hormonal and paracrine and/or autocrine signals. The main hormonal signals may be represented by catecholamines, insulin, growth hormone, natriuretic peptides and some adipocytokines. The absolute levels and relative importance and contribution of these signals vary in different physiological situations, with diet and physical exercise being the main physiological variables that affect the hormonal signalling. Thus, modulations in hormonal signals induce an increase in NEFA mobilization in the post-absorptive state and during an acute bout of exercise, and suppress NEFA mobilization in the postprandial state. In addition, hormonal regulation is modified by long-term interventions in energy balance, such as dietary restriction and/or physical training, and is disturbed in some pathological states, such as obesity or diabetes. The question that remains is whether disturbances in lipolysis regulation in obese and diabetic subjects may be 'corrected' by the long-term interventions in diet and physical activity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Effect of endurance training on adrenergic control of lipolysis in adipose tissue of obese women.

The effect of a 12-wk training program on sc abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) was studied in 11 obese women. Before and after the training, biopsies of SCAAT were performed for mRNA levels determination. Using the microdialysis method, involvement of alpha(2)- and beta-adrenergic receptor (ARs) in the control of lipolysis in SCAAT was studied using local perfusion of epinephrine alone or supplemented with phentolamine, an alpha(2)-AR antagonist. In addition, the variation in dialysate glycerol concentrations during exercise (50% peak oxygen consumption at 40 min) in a probe perfused with Ringer's solution was compared with that obtained in a probe perfused with Ringer's solution plus phentolamine. Training did not promote changes in the expression of key genes of the lipolytic pathway. The epinephrine-induced rise in the dialysate glycerol concentration was identical before and after training and was similarly potentiated by phentolamine. During exercise, the potentiating effect of phentolamine on the glycerol response was apparent before, but not after, training. The exercise-induced increase in plasma norepinephrine was lower after training (P = 0.04). In conclusion, training did not modify either the expression of genes involved in the control of lipolysis or alpha(2)- and beta-ARs in situ sensitivity to epinephrine in SCAAT. Training reduced the antilipolytic action of catecholamines mediated by alpha(2)-ARs during exercise, probably due to a reduction of exercise-induced catecholamine increase.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

[Diabetic diet and reduction diet are worthy of a basic discussion of their paradigms].

Present knowledge of etiopathogenesis of various types of diabetes postulate substantial differences between type I and type II diabetes. Whereas type I diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B-cells and subsequent absolute lack of insulin, type II diabetes is connected with insulin resistance and frequently with rather relative lack of sometimes absolutely elevated plasmatic insulin. From the viewpoint of the diet therapy an access to both types of diabetes fairly differs. Whilst in type I diabetes it is necessary to find out relationship among preprandial insulin dose, received carbohydrates, and expected physical activity soon after meal, treatment of type II diabetes is based in an effort to influence insulin resistance and the whole metabolic syndrome. Therefore, on one side carbohydrates with low glycemic index and plenty of fibers are administered in a diet and on the other side monoenic and polyenic fatty acids are preferred to saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids are continuously reduced in a diet. Of course, diets for patients with overweight and for obese patients are low energy. From the viewpoint of the current structure of the diabetic diets it is suitable to differentiate diets for patients with type I and type II diabetes. Instead of the use of a fix proportion of nutrients we have to discuss diets with regard to a qualitative composition of fatty acids in fats, glycemic index of saccharides, and an amount of fibers in the diet.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of dynamic strength training on insulin sensitivity in men with insulin resistance].

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is generally accepted as a part of the nonpharmacological therapy of the insulin resistance. Endurance training is generally recommended as an appropriate approach. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of three-month dynamic strength training on the insulin sensitivity in middle-aged men with insulin resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS: 10 men (5 obese non diabetics and 5 overweight patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (age 51.36+/-7.25 years, average weight 110.16+/-13.56 kg and BMI 33.22+/-3.52 kg/m2 underwent a three-month dynamic strength training at the level of 60 to 70 % of their maximum muscle strength (one-repetition maximum 1-RM). Insulin sensitivity was determined using the hyperinsulinic euglycemic clamp before and after the training period. Training promoted to increase the muscle strength (p<0.001). It did not induce changes in body weight, body composition and maximum aerobic capacity. The training induced an increase in insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal M: 3.0 vs 4.0 M - mg/min/kg, p<0,01). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity in men with insulin resistance independently on weight loss or increase in aerobic capacity. Our results suggest that the dynamic strength training is an appropriate physical activity for management of the insulin resistance.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed2003

Post-exercise increase of lipid oxidation after a moderate exercise bout in untrained healthy obese men.

The aim of the study was to examine whether a moderate exercise increases the utilization of fatty acids during the recovery period in obese men. Six healthy obese participated in a randomized crossover investigation, one with exercise and one without exercise. At 8 a. m., the subjects had a standardized breakfast and they rested in a sitting position for 3 hours. The subjects were maintained in the sitting position for 4 additional hours in one session. In a second session, they exercised for 60 min at 50 % of their VO(2) max and then returned to the sitting position for 3 hours. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values were calculated by indirect calorimetry. During the resting session, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol concentrations rose progressively, whereas RER progressively decreased. During the exercise, plasma catecholamines, NEFA, glycerol, growth hormone and cortisol levels and RER increased while insulin decreased. During the recovery, plasma NEFA increased and glycerol decreased. During the first hour of recovery, RER values were lower and fatty acid utilization higher than during the same period of the resting session. The study shows that exercise induces modifications in hormonal factors promoting lipid mobilization and suggests that exercise provide substantial amounts of NEFA for muscle oxidation during recovery from an exercise bout in obese subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Increased lipolysis in adipose tissue and lipid mobilization to natriuretic peptides during low-calorie diet in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: We recently demonstrated that natriuretic peptides (NP) are involved in a pathway inducing lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Atrial NP (ANP) and brain NP (BNP) operate via a cGMP-dependent pathway which does not involve phosphodiesterase-3B inhibition or cAMP. The study was performed to evaluate the effect of ANP on lipid mobilization in obese women and secondly to examine the possible effect of a low-calorie diet (LCD) on the lipolytic response of subcutaneous abdominal fat cells to NP and on the lipid mobilization induced by ANP infusion (1 microg/m(2) min for 60 min). SUBJECTS: Ten obese women from 40.5+/-3.4 y old were selected for this study. Their body weight was 96.4+/-5.7 kg and their BMI was 35.3+/-1.7 kg/m(2). They received a 2.5-2.9 MJ/day formula diet for 28 days. DESIGN: Before and during the LCD, an adipose tissue biospy was performed for in vitro studies and, moreover, ANP was perfused i.v. to evaluate its lipid mobilizing action in toto and in situ in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) using microdialysis. RESULTS: The lipolytic effects of isoproterenol, ANP, BNP and bromo-cGMP (an analogue of cGMP) on fat cells increased by about 80-100% during LCD. The lipid mobilization during i.v. ANP infusion, assessed by plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increase was enhanced during the LCD. However, during LCD, ANP infusion induced a biphasic effect on glycerol concentration in plasma and interstitial fluid of SCAAT; a significant increase was observed in glycerol levels during the first 30 min infusion period, followed by a steady decrease. The concentration of glycerol was lower during the post-infusion period than during the baseline period. This effect was stronger in obese subjects submitted to the LCD with a low-carbohydrate composition. Other plasma parameters were weakly increased (noradrenaline) or not modified (insulin, glucose) by ANP infusion and no difference was found before and during LCD treatment. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that NP are powerful lipolytic agents in subcutaneous fat cells and that both isoproterenol- and NP-induced lipolysis increase during LCD, in obese women. These changes seem to be associated with an improvement of the lipolytic pathway at a post-receptor level. Moreover, i.v. administration of ANP induced a lipid mobilizing effect which was enhanced by a LCD in these objects.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2002

Effect of a long-duration physical exercise on fat cell lipolytic responsiveness to adrenergic agents and insulin in obese men.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether a long-lasting bout of exercise modifies the lipolytic beta- and antilipolytic-alpha(2)-adrenergic effect and the antilipolytic effect of insulin in obese subjects. DESIGN: Biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were performed before and immediately after 2 h exercise (at 50% of VO(2max)) on an ergometric bicycle. SUBJECTS: Nine healthy obese male subjects (mean age 38.0+/-3.5 y; mean body mass index (BMI) 35.6+/-3.9 kg/m(2)) were included in the experiment. METHODS: :The lipolytic responsiveness to adrenaline, isoprenaline (beta-adrenergic agonist), UK-14304 (alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist) and insulin was studied in the isolated fat cell obtained by biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue from the peri-umbilical region before and after exercise. RESULTS: After exercise, an increase was observed in spontaneous lipolytic rate, and in the lipolytic effect of isoprenaline, but no modification in the lipolytic action of adrenaline. Antilipolytic effects of UK-14304 and insulin were not changed by the single bout of exercise. CONCLUSION: A single bout of long-term exercise increased the responsiveness of adipose tissue to beta-adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis in obese subjects.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

The responses of serum and adipose Fatty acids to a one-year weight reduction regimen in female obese monozygotic twins.

We have reported strong intrapair resemblances (IPRs) in serum phosphatidylcholine (PC) fatty acid composition within adult monozygotic twins living apart. This study assessed the contribution of genetic factors to changes in serum and adipose tissue fatty acids resulting from weight loss and followed by a subsequent year of weight maintenance. Eleven pairs of female obese monozygotic twins (age: 38.9 +/- 1.8; BMI: 32.5 +/- 0.9) were recruited for the study. Fasting serum and adipose tissue were obtained after 1 week of inpatient stabilization, after 1 month of inpatient very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), and again after 1 year of outpatient weight maintenance. Fatty acids in serum lipid fractions and adipose tissue were quantitated by gas chromatography. Using multiple regression adjusted for age and initial value, IPRs were determined for the changes induced by VLCD and by the year of weight maintenance. There were few IPRs in nonessential fatty acids. By contrast, there were numerous IPRs for essential fatty acids (EFA), especially in the n-3 family across the VLCD. Following the maintenance year, however, frequent IPRs for nonessential fatty acids were seen, particularly in serum PC, and strong IPRs were seen for 18:3 n-3 and 20:5 n-3 across multiple fractions. These results infer the existence of strong genetic factors determining both the nonessential and EFA compositions of tissue lipids in humans independent of diet. Of particular note were the consistent IPRs for n-3 fatty acids despite dietary stress, indicating that the conservation and distribution of this EFA family are subject to considerable genetic variance in humans.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Hypocaloric diet reduces exercise-induced alpha 2-adrenergic antilipolytic effect and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in adipose tissue of obese women.

Previous investigations have shown that alpha 2-adrenoceptor (alpha 2-AR) stimulation blunts lipid mobilization during physiological activation of the sympathetic nervous system promoted by exercise in sc abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) in obese men. To investigate the effect of a low calorie diet (LCD) on the alpha 2-adrenergic responsiveness and on the expression of alpha 2-AR and beta 2-adrenoceptor (beta 2-AR) in SCAAT, 11 obese women (weight: 99.1 +/- 4.6 kg; body mass index: 34.3 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)) received a 12-wk diet providing 500 kcal/d less than their usual diet. The exercise-induced alpha 2-adrenergic antilipolytic effect was investigated in SCAAT before and at the end of LCD. Changes in extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow were measured in SCAAT during a 45-min exercise bout (50% of heart rate reserve) using a control microdialysis probe and a probe supplemented with the alpha2-AR antagonist phentolamine. SCAAT biopsies were performed for determination of mRNA levels using RT-competitive PCR. Plasma catecholamine responses to exercise bout were not different before and at the end of LCD. Before LCD, the exercise-induced increase in extracellular glycerol concentration was potentiated by phentolamine supplementation, while this potentiating effect of the alpha-antagonist was not observed at the end of LCD. No changes were observed for beta 2-AR and hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA levels, while alpha 2-AR mRNA level was significantly decreased in adipose tissue during LCD. These findings show that alpha 2-AR-mediated antilipolytic action is reduced by a moderate hypocaloric diet and that down-regulation of alpha 2-AR mRNA levels may participate in the decrease of the alpha 2-adrenergic effect revealed by microdialysis.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

[The most common causes of hypoactivity].

UNLABELLED: Although the physical activity (PA) is the important part of therapy of obesity, its level is generally insufficient. The aim of this study was to find out what are the most frequent reasons preventing people from getting PA. Data were obtained in the form of a questionnaire from 504 office clerks. Twenty-five possible reasons, with a five-degree scale of answers (from never to very often) were offered in reply to the question: "How often do the following prevent you from getting exercise?" THE RESULTS: a lack of time, volitional qualities and lack of finance are the most frequent obstacles to getting exercise. It was analysed the influence of BMI on this obstacles. Possible solutions are proposed in conclusion.

Adult↗