Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

V Ramesh

Publications and source records attributed to V Ramesh.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) locus: analysis of RFLPs in gyrate atrophy.

A cDNA probe (HOAT1) for ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) has recently been used to map (1) the structural gene for this enzyme to chromosome 10 and (2) several related DNA sequences to the X chromosome. We have defined six RFLPs for OAT, to explore its possible role in gyrate atrophy (GA) of the choroid and retina, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with a deficiency of OAT activity. The RFLPs, which are detected by noncoding single-copy probes from the OAT gene and by subclones of the HOAT1 cDNA, all map on human chromosome 10, producing an overall level of heterozygosity for the OAT locus of 83%. Using the RFLPs, we have determined that the OAT locus segregates concordantly with GA in one available pedigree. Furthermore, the RFLPs display significant disequilibrium with GA, providing genetic evidence implicating a defect in the OAT structural gene as the cause of this disorder. The RFLPs for OAT are potentially applicable to prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in families with a previous history of GA. They will also allow identification of specific haplotypes associated with GA chromosomes, as a guide for more detailed molecular-genetic investigations of the mutations underlying the disorder.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1987

Proton magnetic resonance study of lysine-binding to the kringle 4 domain of human plasminogen. The structure of the binding site.

The binding of L-Lys, D-Lys and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon ACA) to the kringle 4 domain of human plasminogen has been investigated via one and two-dimensional 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 300 and 600 MHz. Ligand-kringle association constants (Ka) were determined assuming single site binding. At 295 K, pH 7.2, D-Lys binds to kringle 4 much more weakly (Ka = 1.2 mM-1) than does L-Lys (Ka = 24.4 mM-1). L-Lys binding to kringle 4 causes the appearance of ring current-shifted high-field resonances within the -1 approximately less than delta approximately less than 0 parts per million range. The ligand origin of these signals has been confirmed by examining the spectra of kringle 4 titrated with deuterated L-Lys. A systematic analysis of ligand-induced shifts on the aromatic resonances of kringle 4 has been carried out on the basis of 300 MHz two-dimensional chemical shift correlated (COSY) and double quantum correlated spectroscopies. Significant differences in the effect of L-Lys and D-Lys binding to kringle 4 have been observed in the aromatic COSY spectrum. In particular, the His31 H4 and Trp72 H2 singlets and the Phe64 multiplets appear to be the most sensitive to the particular enantiomers, indicating that these residues are in proximity to the ligand C alpha center. In contrast, the rest of the indole spectrum of Trp72 and the aromatic resonances of Trp62 and Tyr74, which are affected by ligand presence, are insensitive to the optical nature of the ligand isomer. These results, together with two-dimensional proton Overhauser studies and ligand-kringle saturation transfer experiments reported previously, enabled us to generate a model of the kringle 4 ligand-binding site from the crystallographic co-ordinates of the prothrombin kringle 1. The latter, although lacking recognizable lysine-binding capability, is otherwise structurally homologous to the plasminogen kringles.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1987

Isolation, purification and 1H-NMR characterization of a kringle 5 domain fragment from human plasminogen.

A scheme is proposed for generating the intact Val-448-Phe-545 polypeptide of human plasminogen which contains the fifth kringle domain of the plasmin heavy chain. The procedure is based on a pepsin fragmentation of miniplasminogen and involves the purification of the kringle 5-containing fragment by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The final product is characterized by amino acid analysis, N- and C-terminal analyses, and high-resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy at both 300 MHz and 611 MHz. We detect a (40:60%) Asp/Asn heterogeneity at site 452 of the Glu-plasminogen molecule. In the conventional kringle numbering system, the kringle 5 domain extends from Cys-1 to Cys-80, which corresponds to Cys-461 to Cys-540 in plasminogen. A preliminary 1H-NMR characterization of kringle 5 focuses on the global conformational features of the polypeptide. Assignments are given for a number of resonances, including the Tyr-72, the His imidazoles' and the Trp indoles' spin systems. Comparison with human plasminogen kringles 1 and 4 shows that the kringle 5 conformation is highly structured and very similar to that of the homologous domains. This conservancy is particularly striking in the environment surrounding Leu-46 and in the overall features of the aromatic spectrum. There are some differences, particularly in the buried His-33 imidazole group, whose H2 resonance is shifted to 9.67 ppm. A preliminary study of benzamidine-binding shows that the ligand interacts weakly (Ka approximately equal to 1.7 mM -1) mainly through the amidino functional group. Trp-62 and Tyr-72 are significantly perturbed by benzamidine, suggesting that these residues are part of the ligand-binding site.

Benzamidines↗
PubMed1987

Localization of the ornithine aminotransferase gene and related sequences on two human chromosomes.

We have used a full length cDNA clone to determine the chromosomal location of the gene encoding human ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), a mitochondrial matrix enzyme. Southern blot analysis of Sca I-digested DNA from 34 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids revealed 11 human fragments. Three fragments mapped to chromosome 10q23-10qter, confirming the previous provisional assignment of the functional gene to this autosome by analysis of OAT expression in somatic cell hybrids (O'Donnell et al. 1985). The remaining eight fragments were assigned to the X chromosome, and regionally assigned to Xp21-Xp11 by use of an X-chromosome mapping panel. These X chromosome sequences could represent pseudogenes, or related members of a multigene family. Two of the X chromosome fragments are alternate alleles of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) making this OAT-related locus an excellent genetic marker. The RFLP may now be used to determine any possible relationship between this locus and several X-linked eye defects.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

1H NMR studies of insulin: histidine residues, metal binding, and dissociation in alkaline solution.

The shifts of the H2 histidine B5 and B10 resonances of 2-Zn insulin hexamer were followed in 2H2O by 1H NMR spectroscopy at 270 MHz from pH 9.85 to 7. The two resonances present at high pH, previously assigned to H2 histidine B5 and B10 residues, moved slightly downfield and split into four resonances at pH 8.95 and also at pH 7. By use of a paramagnetic broadening probe (Mn2+) and the addition of Zn2+ to metal-free insulin, it was deduced that the four resonances arose from histidines B10 and B5 in two different magnetic environments, probably either bound to Zn2+ or not bound to Zn2+. The pK' values of the B5 and B10 histidines were determined in 60% 2H2O-40% dioxan, in which insulin was soluble throughout the pH range, to be 7.1 and 6.8, respectively at 37 degrees C. Studies at higher pH indicated that at a concentration level suitable for 1H NMR (approximately 1 mM) at 37 degrees C in 2H2O the 2-Zn hexamer was largely dissociated to dimer at pH 10.3 and to monomer at pH 10.8. Addition of paramagnetic shift probe Ni2+ to metal-free insulin caused changes to the spectrum similar to those produced on addition of diamagnetic Zn2+. Addition of Co2+ gave a different result, but there was no paramagnetic shift of the H2 histidine B10 resonance, probably because of rapid exchange at the binding site. Addition of Cd2+ and of Cd2+ and Ca2+ produced changes that were similar to each other but were different from those observed on addition of Zn2+, probably due to the binding of Cd2+ and Ca2+ at glutamate B13.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1987

Secondary tuberculosis of the skin. Clinical features and problems in laboratory diagnosis.

One hundred patients with secondary skin tuberculosis--59 with lupus vulgaris (LV), 27 with scrofuloderma (SD), and 14 with tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TVC)-were included in this study. The buttocks and lower limbs were seen to be important sites of involvement in LV, besides the occurrence over the face. An active focus of tuberculosis was present in 18, a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis in 8, and intrafamilial tuberculous infections in 21. Histopathology and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were done in all the cases. Guinea pig inoculation was done in 11. The poor results of these investigations have been highlighted and discussed with reference to studies done in the past by other workers. The need for improvement in laboratory techniques is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Specific skin ulcers in Hodgkin's disease.

A young man with Hodgkin's disease who experienced specific cutaneous ulcers over the scalp during treatment is described. The relation of such ulcers to the disease's progress is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The aromatic 1H-NMR spectrum of plasminogen kringle 4. A comparative study of human, porcine and bovine homologs.

The isolated kringle 4 domain of human plasminogen has been compared with homologous structures from bovine and porcine sources, both free and in the presence of the ligand 6-aminohexanoic acid, by two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopies at 300 MHz and 600 MHz. The chemical-shift-correlated, spin-echo-correlated, and double-quantum-correlated aromatic spectra of the three proteins reveal that the globular conformation of the fourth kringle is closely maintained throughout the set of homologs. Direct comparison shows that the three conserved Trp residues (at sites 25, 62 and 72) which exhibit highly non-degenerate subspectra, find themselves in similar intramolecular environments. In particular, proton Overhauser experiments reveal that the close steric interaction between the Trp-II (Trp62 or Trp25) indole group and the aromatic ring at site 74 (Tyr74 or Phe74) is strictly preserved. This feature forces the kringle inner loop, closed by the Cys51-Cys75 link, to fold back onto itself so as to place the site 74 residue proximal to the Cys22-Cys63 bridge. Single-residue substitutions enable unambiguous assignments of His-I to His3, Tyr-III to Tyr41 and Tyr-IV to Tyr74. From this direct evidence, comparison with the kringle 1 spectrum, and the previously reported chemical modification of Tyr-II (Tyr50) [Trexler M., Bányai L., Patthy L., Pluck N. D. & Williams R. J. P. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 152, 439-446], Tyr-I and Tyr-V (the latter, an immobile ring on the 600-MHz time scale) could be assigned to Tyr2 and Tyr9, respectively. Since Trp-III has previously been assigned to Trp72 at the lysine-binding site, the present study completes the assignment of 10 out of 12 aromatic spin systems in the kringle 4 1H-NMR spectrum; the only ambiguity which remains concerns the Trp-I and Trp-II indole spin systems, which are totally identified but as yet only tentatively assigned to Trp25 and Trp62, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Oral cysticercosis.

A 35-year-old Indian male with nodules in the tongue, lower lip and subcutaneous tissues and convulsions of recent onset is presented. Surgical excision of the nodules confirmed the clinical diagnosis of cysticercosis and relieved the lingual discomfort. This is the 26th case of oral cysticercosis being reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Investigation of gyrate atrophy using a cDNA clone for human ornithine aminotransferase.

Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is an autosomal recessive disease associated with reduced or absent ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activity. To approach the defect in OAT at the molecular level, we have cloned a cDNA for the mRNA encoding the OAT precursor from human liver. The clone contains the complete coding region of 1317 nucleotides along with 44 nucleotides of 5' and 654 nucleotides of 3' untranslated sequences. When used to probe genomic DNA, the OAT cDNA did not detect any evidence of gene deletion or rearrangement in patients with gyrate atrophy. The cDNA hybridizes to a 2.15-kb RNA species in liver, fibroblasts, and lymphoblasts. The size and approximate amount of this mRNA is not altered in fibroblasts and/or lymphoblasts of seven gyrate atrophy patients who display a 25- to 100-fold reduction in OAT activity. Our results suggest the defect in these individuals may be caused by a subtle sequence alteration in the mRNA that does not affect its apparent size.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

1H n.m.r. studies of insulin. Reversible transformation of 2-zinc to 4-zinc insulin hexamer.

1H n.m.r. studies at 270 MHz were made of the transformation of 2 Zn insulin hexamer to 4 Zn hexamer produced by the addition of anions (thiocyanate ion). Four separate H2 histidine resonances were observed for the B5 and B10 histidines in 2 Zn hexamer at pH 7 and 9 and four separate resonances also occurred in the 4 Zn hexamer. The observation of these resonances and others from phenylalanine, tyrosine and leucine residues showed that the 2 Zn to 4 Zn transformation probably occurred in solution in a similar manner to that observed in the crystal. Furthermore as occurred in the crystal, it was found that in solution the transformation was reversible (on removal of thiocyanate) and that 2 Cd insulin was unable to undergo the transformation. Des-Phe-Bl-insulin did not undergo the transformation. Addition of SCN- to Zn-free insulin (mainly dimer) produced only a small transformation, consistent with the idea that Zn2+ promotes formation of hexamer from dimer but probably does not otherwise affect the transformation.

Acetone↗