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Biomedical subjects

V Porciatti

Publications and source records attributed to V Porciatti.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) after laser treatment of the peripheral or central retina.

PURPOSE: To understand whether laser photocoagulation of the retina for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) alters directly or indirectly the function of the macular region. METHODS: Transient pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) to 30' checks have been recorded in DR patients before and 7-10 days after one treatment session (established protocol with Argon laser) of either the peripheral retina (panretinal treatment) or the central retina (paramacular focal treatment). RESULTS: Treatment of the peripheral retina causes, in most eyes, a small increase (about 15% on average) of the PERG amplitude. Focal paramacular treatment causes a marked decrement (about 40% on average) of the PERG amplitude. Simulated retinal amputation induced by focal treatment, obtained by means of adequate stimulus masking, resulted in a 15-20% PERG decrement only. CONCLUSIONS: The PERG increase after peripheral treatment may be due to rearrangement of both retinal and choroideal hemodynamics and does not necessarily result in useful long term changes. The PERG decrease after focal, paramacular treatment is far larger than that expected on the basis of the amputated area only. This may result from thermal and/or toxic damaging effects spreading outside the treated area. The results are relevant for both a better monitoring of central retinal function in the course of laser treatment and a better evaluation of the cost/benefit ratio after photocoagulation in DR.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Transplant of Schwann cells allows normal development of the visual cortex of dark-reared rats.

Visual experience is necessary for the correct development of the visual cortex. Dark-rearing from birth affects normal maturation of the functional properties of mammalian visual cortex: cortical cells show rapid habituation to repeated stimulation, decreased orientation selectivity, and enlarged receptive fields. Spatial resolution and response latency are also impaired. Recent experiments have demonstrated that visual deprivation reduces the expression of neurotrophins in the visual cortex. We formulated the hypothesis that visual experience drives the maturation of functional properties of the visual cortex by regulating cortical levels of neurotrophins. If this hypothesis is correct, exogenous supply of neurotrophins during dark-rearing from birth should prevent, or at least ameliorate, the effects of a lack of visual experience. Since Schwann cells are efficient biological minipumps of neurotrophic factors, we transplanted 1.0 or 1.5 x 10(6) Schwann cells or infused vehicle solution as a control into the lateral ventricles of 13 day old rats reared in total darkness from birth until the end of the critical period (postnatal day 45). Single-cell responses and visual-evoked potentials were recorded from the binocular zone of the primary visual cortex of each group. We found that in Schwann cell-transplanted animals all parameters tested were significantly improved upon those of dark-reared control rats and were in the range of normal adult values. Thus, Schwann cell transplant contributed to the normal development of visual response properties in the visual cortex, compensating for a complete absence of visual experience.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The visual response of retinal ganglion cells is not altered by optic nerve transection in transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2.

Attempts to rescue retinal ganglion cells from retrograde degeneration have had limited success, and the residual function of surviving neurons is not known. Recently, it has been found that axotomized retinal ganglion cells die by apoptotic mechanisms. We have used adult transgenic mice overexpressing the Bcl-2 protein, a powerful inhibitor of apoptosis, as a model for preventing injury-induced cell death in vivo. Several months after axotomy, the majority of retinal ganglion cells survived and exhibited normal visual responses. In control wild-type mice, the vast majority of axotomized retinal ganglion cells degenerated, and the physiological responses were abolished. These results suggest that strategies aimed at increasing Bcl-2 expression, or mimicking its function, might effectively counteract trauma-induced cell death in the central nervous system. Neuronal survival is a necessary condition in the challenge for promoting regeneration and eventually restoring neuronal function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Visual ageing: unspecific decline of the responses to luminance and colour.

We have investigated whether ageing affects selectively the responses to equiluminant patterns of pure colour contrast. In two groups of subjects (mean ages 29 and 72 yr) contrast thresholds were measured psychophysically for the detection and for the discrimination of the direction of motion of drifting gratings. The gratings were modulated either in pure luminance contrast (and uniform colour), or pure chromatic contrast (red-green equiluminant gratings). In subjects of the same age groups, visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded in response to gratings with either pure luminance contrast or pure colour contrast sinusoidally reversed in contrast at various temporal frequencies. It was shown that psychophysical contrast sensitivity for equiluminant patterns deteriorates significantly with age, and VEP latency increases. However, these effects of ageing on the responses to patterns of pure colour contrast are substantially the same as those observed in the same subjects for stimuli with pure luminance contrast. The results suggest that ageing causes a small and unspecific decline of the response of the visual system to luminance and colour contrast.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Retinal and cortical evoked responses to chromatic contrast stimuli. Specific losses in both eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis and unilateral optic neuritis.

It is known that colour vision may be altered in optic neuritis. Our aim was to establish whether chromatic and achromatic vision are differentially impaired using stimuli designed to favour the activity of either the magnocellular or the parvocellular stream of the visual pathway. Fourteen patients with a past history of unilateral optic neuritis in the course of multiple sclerosis and 10 age-matched control subjects were included in the study. Patients had relatively good visual acuity in the affected eyes and no gross colour deficits (Ishihara). Stimuli were alternating gratings of low spatial frequency and of different chromaticity along the red-green axis. The psychophysical contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured at 5 Hz as a function of colour ratio [red/(red + green)] to evaluate both the equiluminant point (the colour ratio corresponding to the lowest CS) and the CS for isochromatic, luminance gratings (red-black and green-black). Steady-state (2-24 Hz) and transient pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded in response to high contrast (90%) stimuli of low spatial frequency (0.3 cycles deg-1) modulated in either pure chromatic contrast (equiluminant red-green) or pure luminance contrast (yellow-black). On average, CSs were reduced (10 dB) in optic neuritis eyes compared with controls for both luminance and chromatic gratings. In the VEPs (both transient and steady-state) amplitude losses and latency delays were far larger for the chromatic VEPs than for the luminance VEPs. Chromatic VEP latency delays were remarkable also in the fellow, clinically normal, eyes. Significant losses were apparent in both the luminance and chromatic PERG. However, the chromatic PERG was comparatively more altered. In agreement with previous reports, selective losses were not apparent at threshold. By contrast, suprathreshold electrophysiological responses displayed a clear dissociation between luminance and colour, suggesting that the parvocellular stream, compared with the magnocellular stream is more impaired in optic neuritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Macular flicker electroretinograms in Best vitelliform dystrophy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of the neurosensory retina in Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BMD) by recording the focal electroretinogram (ERG) fundamental and 2nd harmonic components, which are known to be dominated by receptoral and postreceptoral activity, respectively. METHODS: FERGs were recorded in response to a uniform field (9 x 9 deg) flickered sinusoidally at either 8 Hz or 32 Hz (peak frequencies for the 2nd and fundamental harmonic, respectively). The fundamental component of the response to the 32-Hz stimulus and the 2nd harmonic of the response to the 8-Hz stimulus were measured in their amplitudes and phases. The fundamental-2nd harmonic amplitude ratio was taken as an index of the relative changes in the FERG components. Eleven patients with BMD and vitelliform stage macular lesions were evaluated. Results were compared with those obtained from 13 patients with Type 2 Stargardt macular dystrophy (STD) according to the Noble and Carr Classification, and 29 normal control subjects. Four BMD and four STD patients were also followed electrophysiologically over a 48 month period. RESULTS: Compared to controls, BMD patients showed losses of both FERG fundamental and 2nd harmonic amplitudes, and an increase in the fundamental and increase in the fundamental-2nd harmonic ratio. STD patients also showed losses of both fundamental and 2nd harmonic, but the fundamental-2nd harmonic ratio was normal. In BMD patients, but not in those with STD, the fundamental amplitude tended to decrease over the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that BMD involves neurosensory abnormalities early in the disease process. The increased fundamental-2nd harmonic ratio suggests that a postreceptoral dysfunction may be present in addition to that of photoreceptors. This differs from STD, where losses appear to affect primarily the receptoral retina. Receptoral losses in BMD may progress throughout the medium-term follow up.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The temporal frequency response function of pattern ERG and VEP: changes in optic neuritis.

Steady-state pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to sinusoidal gratings (2 c/deg), sinusoidally counterphased at closely spaced temporal frequencies (TFs) between 4 and 28 Hz, were recorded from 11 patients with unilateral optic neuritis (ON; 11 affected eyes and 10 healthy fellow eyes) and 7 age-matched normal subjects (7 eyes). Amplitude and phase of responses' second harmonics were measured. Responses' apparent latencies were estimated from the rate at which phase lagged with TF. When compared to control values, mean PERG and VEP amplitudes of ON eyes were reduced (by about 0.4 log units) at both low (5-10 Hz) and high (16-20 Hz) TFs. Mean PERG amplitudes of fellow eyes were selectively reduced at low TFs (by about 0.3 log units). Mean PERG apparent latencies of both ON and fellow eyes were delayed (by 15 and 9 ms, respectively). Mean VEP apparent latency of ON eyes was delayed at both low and high TFs (by 24 and 30 ms, respectively), while that of fellow eyes was selectively delayed at high TFs (by 28 ms). The results in ON eyes indicate non-selective abnormalities of PERG and VEP generators responding at both low and high TFs. VEP TF losses may be in part accounted for by corresponding PERG losses. In the fellow eyes of patients, more selective PERG and VEP TF abnormalities may suggest differential impairment of retinal and postretinal subsystems responding better to low and high TFs (i.e. parvo- and magnocellular streams).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effect of citicoline on visual acuity in amblyopia: preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: Citicoline has been used to improve consciousness levels in cerebral trauma and as a complement for levodopa in Parkinson's disease. It has also been shown that severe glaucomatous visual field deficits improve for at least 4 months with the use of citicoline. In this paper, preliminary results are presented of an open and a double-blind study on the effect of citicoline in amblyopia. METHODS: The open study was started in 1991. Fifty patients with amblyopia were treated with citicoline (1000 mg i.m. daily for 15 days). They were selected from an age group beyond the plastic period of the visual system. Occlusion or other types of anti-amblyopic treatment were never used at the same time as citicoline. A double-blind study was conducted on 10 more patients, randomly assigned to a treatment or placebo group and followed for 6 months. A statistical test for repeated measures was performed on all the results. RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement in visual acuity was found both for the amblyopic and the sound eye in 46 of the 50 patients (92%). The behaviour was different for normal and amblyopic eyes. The improvement remained stable for at least 4 months. These results have been substantiated by the double-blind study. No side effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Citicoline improves visual acuity, at least temporarily, in amblyopic patients beyond the plastic period of the visual system. Our results suggest that trials of citicoline as a medical treatment of amblyopia are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The first and second harmonics of the macular flicker electroretinogram: differential effects of retinal diseases.

We evaluated the effects of retinal diseases on the macular electroretinogram first and second harmonic components, which are dominated by outer and inner retinal activity, respectively. Macular electroretinograms in response to a uniform field (9 degrees x 9 degrees) flickering sinusoidally at either 32 or 8 Hz (peak frequencies of the first and second harmonics, respectively) were recorded in 14 patients with maculopathies involving photoreceptors (e.g., age-related macular degeneration), in 16 patients with postreceptoral macular diseases (e.g., branch occlusion of central retinal artery), and in 38 normal controls. Amplitude and phase of the first and second harmonic response components were evaluated by Fourier analysis. When compared to controls, patients with photoreceptor diseases had reduction in both first and second harmonic mean amplitudes and second harmonic phase delay; patients with postreceptoral diseases had normal first harmonic components but reduced and delayed second harmonic components. A discriminant analysis, by using first and second harmonic values, correctly classified 13 of 14 patients with photoreceptor diseases and 14 of 16 patients with postreceptoral disorders. These results indicate that combined evaluation of the macular electroretinogram first and second harmonic components is a useful test for identifying the site(s) of retinal dysfunction in patients with macular diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Spatial-temporal interactions in the steady-state pattern electroretinogram.

It is currently assumed that steady-state pattern electroretinograms can be obtained only at high rates of pattern reversal. However, steady-state responses can also be obtained at very low temporal frequencies (less than 1 Hz), provided that the reversal is sinusoidal. In five healthy volunteers, we studied the frequency characteristics of the pattern-reversal electroretinogram in response to sinusoidal gratings of 0.4 and 4 c/deg, reversed sinusoidally in contrast at frequencies ranging from 1 to 27 Hz. Steady-state responses dominated by the second harmonic component were obtained at all temporal frequencies tested; the amplitude of the second harmonic changed with stimulus temporal frequency. In the low-temporal-frequency range, stimuli of high spatial frequency appear to elicit larger contribution of generators with sustained or tonic characteristics compared with stimuli of low spatial frequency.

Electroretinography↗
PubMed1994

Binocular interactions and steady-state VEPs. A study in normal and defective binocular vision (Part II).

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence indicates that an index of binocular activity may be found in some properties of steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEPs), such as amplitude facilitation and phase shortening. We evaluated binocular interactions with steady-state VEPs in normal subjects as well as in patients with concomitant strabismus and defective binocular vision. METHODS: Steady-state (8-Hz) VEPs to counterphased sinusoidal gratings (1.2 c/deg spatial frequency) of low contrast (3.2%) were recorded in 19 esotropic patients and in 18 age-matched controls. Patients had either anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC, n = 10) or suppression (n = 9) in casual seeing conditions (striated glasses). In all subjects, both binocular and monocular VEPs displayed a major component at twice the stimulation frequency (second harmonic), whose amplitude and phase were measured. A binocular interaction index was obtained by comparing binocular VEPs (BVEPs) with the sum (vectorial) of the two monocular VEPs (SMVEPs). RESULTS: In normal subjects, BVEPs were larger in amplitude than SMVEPs (facilitation), and shortened in latency (phase). On average, both ARC and suppression patients displayed loss in amplitude facilitation and absence of phase shortening. However, 50% of ARC patients showed clear VEP facilitation. In both ARC and suppression patients, the amplitude ratio BVEP/SMVEP was negatively correlated with the amount of the angle of deviation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that losses in amplitude facilitation and phase shortening of binocular steady-state VEPs reflect abnormal binocular interactions associated with different forms of sensorial adaptation in concomitant strabismus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Presence and further development of retinal dysfunction after 3-year follow up in IDDM patients without angiographically documented vasculopathy.

Abnormalities in neuroretinal function may play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. The natural course of diabetic retinal dysfunction in a group of subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and with no apparent microvascular alterations in the retina was followed-up with fluorescein angiography and a sensitive electrophysiological technique, i.e., steady-state focal electroretinogram at the macula, for 3 years. Before the beginning and throughout our study, strict glycaemic control was maintained by three or four daily insulin injections under careful monitoring. Analysis of macular electroretinogram provided information from different neural layers. At the first examination, functional activities of postreceptoral neurons were significantly decreased with respect to those of age-matched control subjects. Diabetic patients showed a functional loss of both ganglion cell (0.53 +/- 0.09 vs 0.42 +/- 0.11 microV; t = 5; p = 0.0001) and preganglion cell (0.51 +/- 0.13 vs 0.42 +/- 0.14 microV; t = 2.8; p = 0.007) layers. Diabetes did not alter photoreceptor activity. After 3 years, dysfunction was significantly greater in the preganglion cell layer (0.28 +/- 0.11 microV; t = 6.3; p = 0.0001). Although in some patients further impairment of ganglion cell function was shown, no significant difference was found in 3 years. Photoreceptor function remained unaltered. No vascular abnormalities in the retina were noted after 3 years in this group of patients. Metabolic control was not correlated to functional changes. Our findings suggest that the middle retinal layer is the most sensitive physiological locus of progressive diabetes-induced dysfunction in the absence of angiographically documented abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Early selective neuroretinal disorder in prepubertal type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children without microvascular abnormalities.

The duration of diabetes before puberty is not considered relevant to the future development of complications. To evaluate the effects of diabetes on the neural retina, we analysed macular function by steady-state focal electroretinography in 20 prepubescent diabetic children without vascular retinopathy and in 39 sex- and age-matched normal children. The mean (+/- SD) response related to retinal cellular elements between the photoreceptors and ganglion cells was significantly lower in diabetic children than in the control group (0.38 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.13 microV; unpaired t-test = 3; P = 0.005). Similarly, ganglion cell function showed a significant impairment in diabetic children with respect to the control group (0.4 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.09 microV; unpaired t-test = 5.4; P = 0.0001), whereas the photoreceptors appeared unaffected. Metabolic control and disease duration were not correlated with functional deficits. Our results suggest that before puberty, early diabetes may have a selective effect on the neural retina prior to the appearance of microvascular changes. A focal electroretinogram could identify diabetic children with neurosensory disorders who may have a higher risk of developing microvascular retinopathy.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1994

The pattern electroretinogram in response to colour contrast in man and monkey.

Steady-state pattern-reversal electroretinograms (PERG) were recorded from both monkeys and humans in response to tartan patterns modulated in both space and time in either luminance contrast or chromatic contrast. In both species, all types of patterns cause a strong modulation of the second-harmonic of the PERG. There was no measurable dependency of the PERG on the colour of the stimulus per se: both in humans and monkeys, stimuli with green-black, red-black or yellow-black modulation of the same mean luminance and of the same contrast, produced identical results. However, chromatic stimuli with modulation between equiluminant red and green produced a qualitatively different PERG: the amplitude was lower, particularly at high temporal frequencies, and there was a clear phase lag corresponding to a difference in processing time of about 20 ms.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Postreceptoral contribution to macular dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE: To understand the sites of macular dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa by evaluating focal electroretinogram (FERG) fundamental and second harmonic components, which are dominated by the activity of the outer and inner retina, respectively. METHODS: FERGs were recorded in response to a uniform field (9 degrees x 9 degrees) flickered sinusoidally at either 8 Hz or 32 Hz. The fundamental components of the responses to both the 8-Hz and 32-Hz stimuli and the second harmonic of the response to the 8-Hz stimulus were measured in their amplitudes and phases. Normal subjects (n = 17), as well as patients with typical retinitis pigmentosa (n = 22), cone dystrophy (CD, n = 7) and X-linked congenital retinoschisis (XLR, n = 5) served as subjects. The fundamental (32-Hz)-second harmonic (8 Hz) amplitude ratio was taken as an index of the relative function of outer-inner layers of the macula. RESULTS: Compared to controls, patients with retinitis pigmentosa showed losses of both FERG fundamental and second harmonic and an increase of the fundamental-second harmonic ratio. Patients with CD also showed losses of both fundamental and second harmonic, but the fundamental-second harmonic ratio was normal. Patients with XLR had a selective loss of the second harmonic, resulting in an increased fundamental-second harmonic ratio. On average, the fundamental-second harmonic ratio of patients with retinitis pigmentosa tended to increase with age. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that in retinitis pigmentosa, both receptoral and postreceptoral sites contribute to macular dysfunction. This differs from CD and XLR, where losses appear more selective for the outer and the inner retina. Postreceptoral losses in retinitis pigmentosa may become larger with increasing age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The second harmonic of the electroretinogram to sinusoidal flicker: spatiotemporal properties and clinical application.

The photopic, focal electroretinogram elicited by sinusoidal modulation (8 Hz) of the luminance of a uniform field (flicker electroretinogram) presented in the macular region contains two main components: the first harmonic at the stimulus frequency (1F) and the second harmonic at twice the stimulus frequency (2F). Physiologic and clinical studies have demonstrated that the 1F originates in the outer retina, whereas the 2F has multiple postreceptoral sources, with a contribution of the innermost retina. The 2F, unlike 1F, is selectively altered in amplitude and phase in the early stages of optic neuritis and glaucoma. Both 1F and 2F are altered in maculopathies. An additional property of the focal electroretinogram is that the 2F, unlike 1F, has a very limited summation area (i.e., the function relating 2F amplitude with stimulus area is saturated for central stimulus sizes of the order of the macular region). This overrepresentation of the macular activity suggests that the 2F component of the flicker electroretinogram may provide a specific macular test even for full-field stimuli presented through opacities of the optical media.

Cataract↗
PubMed1992

Macular electroretinograms to flicker and pattern stimulation in lamellar macular holes.

Steady-state macular (9 degrees x 9 degrees) electroretinograms in response to either sinusoidal flicker (focal electroretinogram) or counterphased sinusoidal gratings (pattern electroretinogram) were recorded in 14 patients with inner lamellar macular holes, in 4 patients with full-thickness macular holes and in 14 age-matched controls. Fourier analysis of focal and pattern electroretinograms yielded three main components: a first and a second harmonic to flicker, and a second harmonic to pattern. Recent evidence indicates that the first harmonic to flicker is of receptoral origin, whereas the flicker and pattern second harmonics represent, at least in part, the activity of different generators in the inner retina. When compared to controls, patients with inner lamellar holes showed significant amplitude reduction and phase delay for both flicker and pattern second harmonics, but not for the flicker first harmonic. Patients with full-thickness holes showed significant amplitude reduction also for the flicker first harmonic. These results indicate a prevalent functional involvement of the inner retina in lamellar macular holes, which can be clinically detected by evaluating focal and pattern electroretinogram second harmonics.

Adult↗