Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

V P Grachev

Publications and source records attributed to V P Grachev.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccines: obstacles and opportunities from discovery to use.

Since smallpox, vaccine-development programs have varied, yet common elements exist. Investment in vaccine research and development depends on epidemiology, market size, funding, and liability. Fear of liability inhibits innovation, adaptation of existing methods, and regulatory decision-making. Vaccine evaluation proceeds from animal and in vitro studies to controlled human clinical trials. Successive stages provide the information base necessary for decisions on vaccine approval for general use, but sociopolitical forces can affect the process. The World Health Organization establishes nonbinding international norms for vaccine acceptability that are adopted by many countries. Concerns for purity and safety need to be addressed along with cost and vaccine availability. For example, replacement of brain tissue-derived rabies vaccine in developing countries with a continuous cell line-derived vaccine is possible if purity is balanced in relation to safety. Substantially reducing the toll of infectious diseases will require cooperation and common-sense decisions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term use of oral poliovirus vaccine from Sabin strains in the Soviet Union.

Success in control of poliomyelitis in the USSR has been achieved after mass immunization with oral polio vaccine ( OPV ) manufactured from attenuated Sabin strains. Procedures for large-scale production of the OPV have been developed by Soviet researchers with the leadership of Chumakov and Smorodintsev , and the safety and efficacy of the vaccine have since been demonstrated. A mass immunization program was initiated in the USSR in 1959 and completed in 1960, covering 77.5 million people or 36.7% of the entire population. This immunization campaign resulted in a sharp decrease in the incidence of poliomyelitis: from 10.6 per 100,000 population in 1958 to 0.43 in 1963. Beginning in 1964 the incidence remained at a level of 0.01-0.1 per 100,000 population. At present the vaccination schedule consists of three basic vaccinations given to infants. Over 20 years of experience with OPV in the USSR has shown that this vaccine is a safe and efficient preparation.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A cultured concentrated inactivated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis studied during the immunization of children and adolescents].

The word deals with the results obtained in the study of the reactogenicity and immunological activity of concentrated and inactivated tissue-culture tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, manufactured by the Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, in the immunization of children and adolescents. The vaccine proved to be moderately reactogenic and exhibited pronounced immunological activity. In 91.5% of the immunized children the fourfold increase of the antibody level was observed. On the basis of the data obtained in this study the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine was recommended for use in medical practice for the prophylaxis of tick-borne encephalitis among children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental study of the ability of different strains of vaccinia virus to induce autoantibody formation].

The intensity of autoantibody production to red blood cell lysate in guinea pigs inoculated with smallpox vaccine prepared from different strains was studied at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after vaccine inoculation. The dynamics of autoantibody production in the same animals as well as the influence of altered responsiveness of the animals pre-treated with dyphtheria toxin on the intensity of autoantibody production were determined. The autoantibody-inducing activity correlated with reactogenicity of the strains and was most marked in the white cloned variant of the Tashkent strain, slightly lower in the L-IVP strain being intermediate in this criterion and insignificant in poorly reactogenic EM-63 and B-51 strains. In the animals with altered responsiveness the autoimmune responses were increased. The results of this study were tested statistically.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of molecular biological method (MAPREC-test) for evaluating residual neurovirulence and genetic stability of oral poliovirus vaccine type 3].

MAPREC test (mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage), evaluating the content of neurovirulent mutants with nucleotide substitution of U for C in position 472 in the 5'-nontranslated RNA region, in a virus population was used for a retrospective analysis of 3 specimens of inoculated viruses and 55 lots of type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) prepared at M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, during recent 6 years. The mean content of neurovirulent mutants in inoculated viruses was 0.26 +/- 0.06%, in monovaccines 0.34 +/- 0.04% (the maximum allowable content is 1%). The method is well reproducible and detects about 0.1% mutants in the population. MAPREC test can be used instead of currently used residual virulence control on monkeys, as it detects viral preparations which were not tested on monkeys and does not reject high-quality vaccines. The protocol of using this method in combination with other methods for neurovirulence and genetic stability control of type 3 OPV is discussed.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The design and practical use of vaccines for the preventions of pressing viral infections].

The paper presents data on the design and practical medical use of vaccines for the prevention of urgent viral infections, including those against poliomyelitis (oral poliomyelitis vaccine), tick-borne encephalitis, hepatitis A, rabies, and enteroviris 71. It shows the basic lines in the improvement of manufacture and biological control of vaccines and in the development of a new vaccine for prevention of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Damaging effect of 2 simian viruses on mammalian cell chromosomes].

A green monkey myxovirus (SV5) causes chromosome breaks in embryonal diploid fibroblasts of man, cotton rats, striped hairy-footed hamster, and in cells of one heteroploid line of newborn lamb kidney. Adenovirus SV15 is mutagenic for all cultures under study (diploid strains of human and cotton rat embryo fibroblasts and three continuous kidney cell lines from newborn lambs). The mutagenic activity of these viruses may be manifested without their undergoing a complete cycle of replication.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunogenicity and stability of a Soviet inactivated cultured vaccine against Japanese encephalitis].

Six immunologically active vaccine batches inducing a specific antibody to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus were obtained in serial manufacture of the preparation. In HI tests, the minimal antibody titre was 1:80, the maximal 1:320, neutralization index 1g was 3.7 to 5.2. The data on the stability of the antigenic potency of the vaccines in relation to the duration of storage at 4 degrees-6 degrees C are presented (the follow-up period 3 years). A certain relationship was found between the antigenic potency of the preparation and the titre of the initial infectious tissue culture virus. Also, a definite correlation was found between the initial immunogenic potency of the vaccines and their stability in storage. After 3 years of storage, three vaccine lots remained antigenically active, namely those which after manufacture had induced antihemagglutinins in titres 1:160 to 1:320. The antigenic activity of 6 vaccine batches prepared from the production strain Peking-1 (Nakayama serotype) was studied against the predominant strain of Jagar-10 serotype. All the freshly prepared vaccine batches were found to induce production of antihemagglutinins to both serotypes of JE virus, whereas virus-neutralizing antibodies were found only to the test strain Nakajama-NIH homologous to the vaccine Peking-1 strain. After 1 year of storage, four vaccine batches lost their capacity to induce production of antihemagglutinins to Jagar-01 strain, two batches induced antibody in low titres. This fact should be considered in evaluation of postvaccination immunity status in humans.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Several characteristics of new strains of diploid green marmoset fibroblasts].

Two strains of diploid fibroblasts were derived from green monkey fetal lungs and their main properties were studied. These strains were shown not to differ principally from the well studied human diploid fibroblasts. The derived cultures are free from contaminating viruses. The titers of attenuated poliomyelitis virus strains achieved in green monkey diploid cells are comparable to those in primary cultures of green monkey kidneys. The possiblity of using green monkey diploid fibroblasts in virological practice is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Creation of an experimental cell culture vaccine against distemper using cell line 4647].

Experiment in susceptible animals demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of several samples of a distemper vaccine prepared in cell line 4647. Preparations of the vaccine virus variants generated in line 4647 after 10 passages at 34 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C and 20 passages of rapidly multiplying virus (34 degrees C) possessed the protective activity when used for immunization in a dose of 1000 PFU/animal. The results obtained in observations of the animals and examinations of sera for antibodies did not differ from those of control tests of "Vakchum".

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cultivation of the rabies virus in the continuous kidney cell line 4647 from the green marmoset].

Continuous cells of green monkey kidney 4647 were found to be highly sensitive to three variants of the Vnukovo-32 vaccine strain of rabies virus preliminarily adapted to the primary line of Syrian hamster kidney cells. The virus litre increased with passages in the 4647 cell culture. The resulting virus variants had sufficient immunogenic potency. The time course of virus replication at a temperature of 32 degrees C was studied. The heteroploid cell line 4647 was found to be promising for manufacture of medical and veterinary cultural rabies vaccines.

Animals↗