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Biomedical subjects

V Newman

Publications and source records attributed to V Newman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Reduction in fat intake is not associated with weight loss in most women after breast cancer diagnosis: evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: A reduction in dietary fat intake has been suggested as a method to promote weight loss in women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. METHODS: Weight change in response to diet intervention was examined in 1010 women who had completed treatment for Stage I, Stage II, or Stage IIIA (American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system) primary operable breast cancer during their first year of participation in a randomized, controlled, diet intervention trial to reduce risk of recurrence. Diet intervention was performed by telephone counseling and promoted a low fat diet that also was high in fiber, vegetables, and fruit. The comparison group was provided with general dietary guidelines to reduce disease risk. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the relations among demographic and personal characteristics, changes in diet composition and exercise level, and change in body weight or body mass index. RESULTS: The average weight change in the 1-year period was 0.04 kg for the intervention group and 0.46 kg for the comparison group. For the total group, body weight was stable (+/- 5% baseline weight) for 743 women (74%), whereas 114 (11%) lost weight, and 153 (15%) gained weight. These distributions were similar in the two study groups inclusive of all study participants and for only those women with a baseline body mass index of > or = 25 kg/m2. Initial body mass index and changes in fiber and vegetable intakes, but not change in percent of energy obtained from fat, were associated independently with change in weight or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: For most women at risk for breast cancer recurrence, diet intervention to promote a reduction in fat intake was not associated with significant weight loss. Testing the effect of a substantial change in diet composition on risk for breast cancer recurrence is unlikely to be confounded by weight loss in subjects who were the recipients of intensive intervention efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A novel alveolar type I cell-specific biochemical marker of human acute lung injury.

Currently there is no recognized biochemical or molecular marker for human parenchymal lung injury analogous to markers for acute myocardial injury. Injury to the alveolar epithelial barrier is of central importance in the pathogenesis of and recovery from acute lung injury. In animal models, an alveolar type I cell-specific protein, RTI(40), has been shown to be an accurate marker of alveolar epithelial damage. We now report that HTI(56), a novel apical plasma membrane protein specific to the human type I cell, is a biochemical marker for lung injury. Using a sensitive, quantitative, light-based ELISA, we measured HTI(56) in pulmonary edema fluid from 15 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute lung injury and 12 control patients with hydrostatic (cardiogenic) pulmonary edema. HTI(56) was also measured in plasma from these two groups and from 11 normal volunteers. The amount of HTI(56) was 4. 3-fold higher (p < 0.0001) in alveolar edema fluid and 1.4-fold higher (p < 0.05) in plasma from the patients with acute lung injury, compared with patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema. To our knowledge, this study is the first to utilize a specific marker of alveolar epithelial damage in human disease and demonstrates the feasibility of using a blood test to detect lung parenchymal damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Low-energy reporting in women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. Women's Healthy Eating and Living Group.

This study examined the extent of low-energy reporting and its relationship with demographic and lifestyle factors in women previously treated for breast cancer. This study used data from a large multisite clinical trial testing the efficacy of a dietary intervention to reduce risk for breast cancer recurrence (Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study). Using the Schofield equation to estimate energy needs and four 24-h dietary recalls to estimate energy intakes, we identified women who reported lower than expected energy intakes using criteria developed by G. R. Goldberg et al. (Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 45: 569-581, 1991). We examined data from 1137 women diagnosed with stage I, stage II, or stage IIIA primary, operable breast cancer. Women were 18-70 years of age at diagnosis and were enrolled in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study between August 19, 1995, and April 1, 1998, within 4 years after diagnosis. The Goldberg criteria classified about one-quarter (25.6%) as low-energy reporters (LERs) and 10.8% as very LERs. Women who had a body mass index >30 were almost twice (odds ratio, 1.95) as likely to be LERs. Women with a history of weight gain or weight fluctuations were one and a half times as likely (odds ratio, 1.55) to be LERs as those who were weight stable or weight losers. Age, ethnicity, alcohol intake, supplement use, and exercise level were also related to LER. Characteristics (such as body mass index, age, ethnicity, and weight history) that are associated with low-energy reporting in this group of cancer survivors are similar to those observed in other populations and might affect observed diet and breast cancer associations in epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Factors associated with weight gain in women after diagnosis of breast cancer. Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with weight gain after diagnosis of breast cancer in a heterogeneous population of women. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 1,116 patients who had been diagnosed with stage I, stage II, or stage IIIA primary, operable breast cancer within the previous 4 years. Patients were recruited during enrollment into a diet intervention trial to reduce risk for breast cancer recurrence. Analysis Demographic data, weight history, and physical activity information obtained by questionnaire and medical information obtained by chart review; dietary assessment based on four 24-hour dietary recalls collected by telephone. Associations between weight change after the diagnosis of breast cancer and prediction variables were examined using univariate and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Overall, 60% of the subjects reported weight gain, 26% reported weight loss, and 14% reported no change in weight after the diagnosis of breast cancer. The overall mean weight change was a gain of 2.7 kg (6 lb). Factors positively and independently associated with weight gain were time since diagnosis of breast cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy, African-American ethnicity, current energy intake, and postmenopausal status at time of study entry. Factors inversely and independently associated with weight gain were prediagnosis body mass index, age at diagnosis, education level, and exercise index score. APPLICATIONS: Higher energy intake and lower level of physical activity are independently associated with increased risk for weight gain after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Strategies to modify these behaviors are likely to influence the long-term pattern of weight change.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Plasma carotenoids are biomarkers of long-term high vegetable intake in women with breast cancer.

We investigated predictors of change in plasma carotenoids from baseline to 3 y and examined plasma carotenoid concentrations at 1 and 3 y in response to a high vegetable diet. Participants were 56 women diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in a randomized feasibility study for a trial examining the effect of a diet high in vegetables and fruits on the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Independent t test analysis revealed that the intervention group had significantly higher vegetable and fruit servings and fiber at 12 mo and significantly higher vegetable servings at 36 mo compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Energy intake from fat was significantly lower in the intervention group at 12 and 36 mo. The intervention group had significantly higher consumption of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin at 12 mo (P < 0.05). beta-Carotene, alpha-carotene and lutein intakes also were significantly higher at 36 mo (P < 0.05). At 36 mo, the intervention group had significantly higher plasma concentrations of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene compared with the control group. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the intervention group had significantly increased (P < 0.05 with Bonferroni correction) plasma beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein and lycopene concentrations at 12 and 36 mo compared with baseline. Baseline carotenoid concentrations were significantly inversely predictive (P < 0.05) of plasma carotenoid change. In addition, change in body mass index (BMI) and plasma cholesterol concentrations were predictive of plasma carotenoid change from baseline to 3 y. Results of this study demonstrate that change in plasma carotenoid concentrations is associated with change in BMI, change in plasma cholesterol and baseline carotenoid concentrations. Plasma carotenoid response can be an indicator of long-term high vegetable intake for women at risk of breast cancer recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of serum carotenoid responses between women consuming vegetable juice and women consuming raw or cooked vegetables.

The objective of this study was to examine serum concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin due to consumption of vegetable juice versus raw or cooked vegetables. Subjects included female breast cancer patients who had undergone surgical resection and who were enrolled in a feasibility study for a trial examining the influence of diet on breast cancer recurrence. A high-vegetable, low-fat diet was the focus of the intervention, and some of the subjects were specifically encouraged to consume vegetable juice. At 12 months, blood samples were collected and analyzed for carotenoid concentrations via high-performance liquid chromatography methodology. Matched analysis and paired t test were conducted on two groups: those who consumed vegetable juice (the juice group) and those who consumed raw or cooked vegetables (no juice group). Serum concentrations of alpha-carotene and lutein were significantly higher in the vegetable juice group than in the raw or cooked vegetable group (P < 0.05 and P = 0.05, respectively). Paired t test analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference in serum values of beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin between subjects consuming juice and those not consuming any juice. These results suggest that alpha-carotene and lutein appear to be more bioavailable in the juice form than in raw or cooked vegetables. Therefore, the food form consumed may contribute to the variability in serum carotenoid response to vegetable and fruit interventions in clinical studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Dietary supplement use by women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. The Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method of collecting, organizing, and analyzing information on nutrient and nonnutrient dietary supplement use by women at risk for breast cancer recurrence as a component of nutrition assessment and monitoring, and to describe the characteristics associated with dietary supplement use in this population at enrollment in a clinical trial to prevent breast cancer recurrence. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study design. SUBJECTS: Women diagnosed with breast cancer within the previous 4 years (n=435). ANALYSIS: Dietary supplements reported in four 24-hour dietary recalls were categorized according to primary nutrient and nonnutrient contents. Prevalence of dietary supplement use is described. Associations between supplement use and demographic and participant characteristics were examined using chi(2) analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: Dietary supplement use was reported by 80.9% of the women. Increased likelihood of supplement use was associated with demographic (eg, older age, higher level of education, white race vs other ethnic groups) and personal (eg, lower body mass index, moderate alcohol consumption) characteristics. Use of vitamin C and related compounds, other nutrients (eg, n-3 fatty acids, evening primrose oil), and herbal products was inversely associated with months since diagnosis; use of miscellaneous supplements (eg, shark cartilage) was directly associated with more advanced stage at diagnosis. APPLICATIONS: Monitoring dietary supplement use is an important aspect of nutrition assessment, especially in populations with chronic health conditions or medical diagnoses. Demographic and personal characteristics, time passed since diagnosis, and stage of cancer at diagnosis are predictive of dietary supplement use by women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. Associations in this population may be present in other groups that are the object of nutrition intervention efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Feasibility of a randomized trial of a high-vegetable diet to prevent breast cancer recurrence.

Epidemiologic evidence supports the concept that diet influences risk for breast cancer and suggests that prognosis after the diagnosis of breast cancer may also be related to modifiable nutritional factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a randomized trial of a high-vegetable, reduced-fat, and increased-fiber diet intervention to reduce risk for recurrence among breast cancer survivors. This major change in dietary pattern was promoted through intensive telephone counseling. Participants were 93 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer (stages I, II, and IIIA) within the previous four years and who had completed their initial treatment. We assessed adherence to the study diet using repeated 24-hour dietary recalls at 6 and 12 months and measurement of circulating carotenoid concentrations. Six months after randomization, the intervention group had significantly increased their mean intake of vegetables (+4.6 servings/day), fruit (+0.7 servings/day), and fiber (+6.4 g/1,000 kcal) and significantly reduced their intake of dietary fat (-9.9% of energy) compared with the control group. Circulating concentrations of carotenoids also increased in the intervention group. These changes persisted at the 12-month visit. Results of this study demonstrate that telephone counseling can be a useful approach in diet intervention and that breast cancer survivors can adopt and maintain a high-vegetable, reduced-fat dietary pattern.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1997

Nutrient intakes from foods and dietary supplements in women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. The Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study Group.

Dietary supplements have been suggested to have a role in cancer prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe the nutrient intakes from foods and dietary supplements in women at the time of enrollment into a clinical trial to prevent breast cancer recurrence. Subjects were within four years of diagnosis with Stage I, II, or IIIA breast cancer and had completed medical treatment (n = 435). Intakes were assessed with four 24-hour recalls over two weeks. Dietary nutrient intakes in supplement users were compared with intakes in nonusers, and supplement nutrient intakes in participants consuming diets providing < 75% were compared with those in participants consuming > or = 75% of recommended levels. Intakes of participants with diets meeting general guidelines for disease prevention were compared with intakes of those whose diets did not meet these guidelines. Dietary supplement use was reported by 352 (80.9%) of the participants, but frequency of excess intakes did not exceed 5% for all micronutrients examined. Women whose diets provided higher levels of most vitamins and minerals were more likely to obtain additional amounts of these micronutrients from dietary supplements. Participants reporting use of any supplement consumed diets providing more dietary fiber (p < 0.04) and less dietary fat (p < 0.001) than nonusers of any supplement. These results illustrate the importance of monitoring dietary supplement use in clinical trials with a focus on preventing cancer recurrence, because supplements can contribute substantially to nutrient intakes in the population under study.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Responsiveness of carotenoids to a high vegetable diet intervention designed to prevent breast cancer recurrence.

Epidemiological studies suggest that a high vegetable diet may reduce risk for breast cancer and may also improve prognosis after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Circulating carotenoids may serve as a biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake, although several factors affect their bioavailability from food sources and may influence concentrations. One purpose of this study was to identify factors predictive of serum carotenoid, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in 79 postsurgically resected breast cancer patients at enrollment and at 12 months in a feasibility study of a high vegetable, low fat diet intervention to reduce risk for cancer recurrence. Another purpose was to identify variables associated with change in these serum concentrations 12 months after randomization into control and intervention groups. The diet intervention (versus control) group had significantly greater increases in carotenoid intakes (P < 0.03) and significantly greater increases in serum concentrations of lutein, alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene, and retinol (P < 0.04). Stepwise multiple regression revealed the level of dietary intake to be predictive of most serum carotenoid concentrations at baseline and 12 months, with additional associations between selected micronutrient concentrations and serum cholesterol, body mass index, age, percentage of energy intake from fat, and alcohol intake also observed at these time points. Intervention group change in serum carotenoid concentrations was inversely associated with baseline level, age, and change in serum cholesterol concentration and positively associated with change in carotenoid and alcohol intake. Circulating carotenoid concentrations are responsive to a high vegetable diet intervention, which also included reduced dietary fat and increased fiber intakes, to reduce risk for breast cancer recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

OH marketing--Part 1: The background.

OH practitioners are being asked to justify their services within organisations. In the first of two articles Christine Owen and Dr Victor Newman discuss ways of developing new approaches to the marketing of occupational health.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Small-for-gestational-age birth: maternal predictors and comparison with risk factors of spontaneous preterm delivery in the same cohort.

Low birth weight, the primary predictor of infant mortality and morbidity, can be a result of shortened gestation (preterm delivery) or fetal growth retardation (small for gestational age). We examined the relationship between maternal characteristics and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age infant in 2228 women who participated in the University of California, San Diego Prenatal Nutrition Project between 1978 and 1988. A multivariate analysis indicated that significant risk factors for small for gestational age were cigarette smoking (odds ratio, 3.18), a low rate of maternal weight gain (odds ratio, 2.96), black ethnicity (odds ratio, 2.60), pregravid underweight (odds ratio, 2.36), Asian ethnicity (odds ratio, 1.88), primiparity (odds ratio, 1.85), and low maternal height (odds ratio, 1.63). These findings are contrasted with those previously published on preterm deliveries in the same cohort. We conclude that with the exception of black ethnicity and low maternal weight gain, different maternal characteristics were significantly associated with small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Nutrient intake of low-income Southeast Asian pregnant women.

Dietary nutrient intakes of 91 Cambodian, 37 Laotian, and 59 Vietnamese low-income pregnant women attending a university teaching hospital outpatient clinic in Southern California were measured. The nutrient intakes of the Southeast Asian groups were compared with one another as well as with the intakes of a group of 165 low-income non-Southeast Asian pregnant women of similar height, weight, and age from the same outpatient clinic population. Computerized analysis of the 24-hour recall data showed that there were few differences in nutrient intake between the Southeast Asian groups, except that the Cambodian group consumed significantly less fat, riboflavin, vitamin D, and calcium than the Vietnamese group. However, there were a number of differences between the nutrient intakes of the Southeast Asian groups and those of the non-Southeast Asian group. These included significantly lower intakes of fat, riboflavin, folate, vitamins D and E, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium and significantly higher intakes of thiamin, niacin, sodium, and selenium. These findings suggest that low-income Southeast Asian pregnant women have some good dietary habits that dietitians need to reinforce and other dietary habits that need improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Maternal weight gain and preterm delivery.

This study examined the relationship between maternal weight gain and preterm delivery in 2163 women who participated in the Prenatal Nutrition Project at the University of California, San Diego between 1978-1986. Multivariate analysis of the data indicated that the risk of spontaneous preterm birth increased 60% in women with a low rate of weight gain (less than 0.27 kg/week) compared with those with an average rate (0.27-0.52 kg/week). Women with a low rate of gain were more than twice as likely to experience a preterm delivery as those with a high gain (higher than 0.52 kg/week); the odds ratio was 2.54 and 95% confidence interval was 1.49, 4.88. This difference in weight gain appeared after 20 weeks' gestation.

Adult↗