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Biomedical subjects

V L Katch

Publications and source records attributed to V L Katch.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The body composition profile. Techniques of measurement and applications.

The body composition profile of an athlete permits a detailed analysis of the body's major structural components--muscle mass, fat, and bone. This article concentrates on two major areas. One is techniques for assessing body composition, including hydrostatic weighing, anthropometry, ultrasound, and radiographs. The other is applications of measurement. The authors also focus on the use of computer technology in the body profile analysis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Computer technology to evaluate body composition, nutrition, and exercise.

The use of computer technology has made it possible to make accurate determinations of body composition, nutrition, and exercise. With the FITCOMP computer assessment system, detailed measurements of physique status have been made on a variety of world-class athletes, including professional football and baseball players, as well as on diverse groups of young and older men and women throughout the United States. The FITCOMP measurement system allows the user a choice of measurement techniques: fatfolds, girths, bone diameters, and hydrostatic weighing. Combined with body composition assessment is a nutrition and exercise plan. The nutrition plan is based on guidelines formulated by the American Dietetic Association. This application of computer technology is unique, because individuals can select the foods they will eat from a list of preferred choices from the basic food groups. Individual menu plans for breakfast, lunch, and dinner are generated to provide an optimal blend of nutrients aimed at achieving ideal body mass and fat percentage. This is coupled with an aerobic exercise program that is selected by the individual from nine different forms, including walking, jogging, running, swimming, cycling, and various sport activities. The caloric output is designed to reduce total body fat through reductions in body weight of 1.4 to 2.5 pounds per week, depending on the exercise selected and total weight loss necessary to achieve a weight goal (and ideal fat percentage). The aerobic exercise plan is based on the method of overload, where intensity and duration are periodically increased dependent on individual capabilities. The use of fitness-oriented computer technology makes it possible to prepare detailed reports about current status and progress as well as to systematize record keeping.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Physical conditioning of children.

Exercise-induced changes in muscular and cardiovascular function in pre- and postpubescent children are explained in terms of a "Trigger Hypothesis." This hypothesis predicts that, prepubertally, there will be only small training-induced biological alterations because of the lack of hormonal control. It is suggested, therefore, that emphasis be placed on skill acquisition rather than physiological conditioning during prepuberty. Postpubertal exercise-induced changes are well documented and follow predictable patterns. The principles that govern physiological adaptations to exercise are discussed in terms of energy transfer and the factors that affect training. Duration, intensity, and frequency of performance are detailed. It is recommended that emphasis be placed on these factors when designing a physiologically sound physical training program.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

Taxonomic identification of human fat patterns.

The utility of taxonomic approaches in identification of fat patterning was evaluated using hierarchical cluster analysis on a sample of 64 female and 31 male subjects from 18 to 29 years of age. Four clusters, each composed of subjects with similar distributions of 17 skinfold thicknesses corrected for sex, size and total body fat, showed mean pattern profiles that variously contrasted fatness of the trunk and extremities. Average anthropometric differences between clusters corroborated differences in pattern profile. For comparison, principal-components analysis was carried out on these same data. The results suggest that a taxonomic approach offers advantages in initial interpretation and in design flexibility.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

Body size and shape: derivation of the "HAT" frame size model.

A bivariate mathematical model termed the "HAT" model for defining body frame size is presented for young males and females (mean age 22 yr). The HAT model is based on the relationship between stature and the sum of the biacromial and bitrochanteric diameter measurements. Small, medium, and large frame sizes were calculated for individuals and percentile rankings for the corresponding body weights, percentage fats, and lean body weights were given. For males, it was observed that differences in body weight between frame size groups was primarily due to differences in lean body weight. That is, lean body weight increased per frame size, while fat weight per frame size remained constant. For females in contrast, there was a small but statistically significant increase in fat weight per frame size and no increase in lean body weight per frame size.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Body frame size: validity of self-appraisal.

The validity of self-appraisal of body frame size was investigated in 72 college-aged subjects (39 males and 33 females). Validity was assessed by comparing self-appraised frame size versus the quantitative "HAT" formulation, which includes stature and two trunk diameters. Frame size was also assessed separately, for each subject by an expert rater. Results showed that the expert rater was in error 28% in comparison to the criterion frame size estimation, while 41% of the subjects were in error in assessing their own frame size, in comparison to the HAT criterion. The expert rater and self-appraisal differed by 33%. When analyzed by sex, it was revealed that the females were more inaccurate in assessing their frame size, in comparison to the criterion, than were the males. The consequences of inaccurate frame size assessment, in terms of ideal weight from the Metropolitan tables was discussed. Also, data were presented on a different sample of 103 females classified into percentage fat categories of less than 20%, 20 to 30%, and more than 30% which illustrated no statistical differences in skeletal dimensions, including frame size.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Biological variability in maximum aerobic power.

The biological variation in maximum aerobic power (V O2max) was examined in four trained females and one trained male. An average of 8-20 repeat VO2max treadmill tests over a 2-4 wk period were performed on each subject (80 total tests). Biological variation (Si) in VO2max was computed as the standard deviation for the VO2max values for each individual, after subtracting net technological error (Se). Technological error was computed for each piece of equipment as the standard deviation of multiple trials. Results revealed that Si + Se amounted to +/- 5.6%. Biological variability accounted for 90% or more of this variability, while technological error accounted for less than 10%. In light of the magnitude of biological variation for VO2max, the necessity for securing control data when attempting to study training effects is pointed out.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Energy expenditure in prepubescent children: influence of sex and age.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between energy expenditure and speed for 6-and 7-yr-old children and to compare these data to published data for adults. Eight subjects (n = four boys, four girls) completed three treadmill tests at 67, 94, and 127.5 m . min-1 (k = 12 trials for the boys, 12 trials for the girls). Heart rate was monitored continuously and oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were determined at each speed in order to estimate caloric expenditure. Sex differences were observed in the metabolic and heart rate responses to exercise. In comparison to the females, the energy expenditure (kcal . min-1) was 16 (p less than 0.05), 11 (p greater than 0.05) and 14 (p less than 0.05) percent higher for the males at the slow, medium, and fast speeds, respectively. Additionally, heart rate was 13 beats . min-1 lower (p less than 0.05) for the males at a speed of 94 m . min-1. Differences in kcal . kg . min-1 between children and adults were observed (children higher). In contrast to adults' linear increase in energy expenditure with increasing speed, a curvilinear pattern was observed for prepubescent children. It was concluded that these sex and age effects must be considered when attempting to quantify children's daily energy expenditure and caloric requirements.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Body shape in prepubescent children.

The present study was designed to investigate changes in body shape during growth in 219 children ages six to ten years. Body shape was determined by a series of bone diameter measurements. Regression analysis was employed as a means of comparing changes in one measure relative to another. Sex differences in body shape were also examined. The results revealed significant (P less than .05) sex differences between biacromial width and extremity diameter composite (EDC) vs. height, biacromial width vs. biiliac width, and EDC vs. trunk diameter composite. These, findings indicate both age and sex influence body shape in six to ten year old children.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1980

Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females.

Breast volume and body composition were measured in 45 adult females to determine the contribution of breast weight and breast volume to total body fat. Plaster casts were filled with sand of known density to obtain breast volume. Breast weight was computed as breast volume times its density. The correlation between total breast volume and percent body fat was r = .40. Breast weight (mean = 484 grams) accounted for 3.5 percent of the total weight of body fat, and at most, 12 percent of the estimated quantities of sex-specific fat. A theoretical model is proposed for the distribution of body fat in the female which subdivides total body fat into three components: reserve storage fat, essential fat, and expendable storage fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Body composition of synchronized swimmers.

The body composition of 15 synchronized swimmers and 15 non-athletic female controls were compared. Body fat and lean body weight were calculated from body density measurements. Swimmers were ranked according to skill level and ability in an attempt to predict success in synchronized swimming from percent body fat or lean body weight. A student t-test revealed no statistically significant differences between groups for height, weight, percent body fat or lean body weight. Non-significant rank order correlations between ability ranking and percent fat (r = -.31) and lean body weight (r = -.18) point to the inability to predict success in synchronized swimming from these variables. These data were compared with female athletes of other sports.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Muscular development and lean body weight in body builders and weight lifters.

The extent of extreme muscular development in 39 males identified as body builders (N = 18), power weight lifters (N = 13), and Olympic weight lifters (N = 8) were studied. Body composition and anthropometric data, including calculations of pre-excess muscle body weight (scale weight minus excess muscle) were obtained. The lean body weight and percent fats of the subjects were: body builders = 74.6 kg, 9.3%; power weight lifters = 73.3 kg, 9.1%; and Olympic weight lifters = 68.2 kg, 10.8%. No group differences were present in frame size, percent fat, lean body weight, skinfolds, and diameter measurements. The only group differences were for the shoulders, chest, biceps relaxed and flexed, and forearm girths. In each case the body builders were larger. Calculations of excess muscle by the Behnke method revealed that the body builders had 15.6 kg excess muscle, power weight lifters 14.8 kg, and Olympic weight lifters 13.1 kg. Somatographic comparisons revealed only slight differences between the groups, while differences with reference man were substantial.

Adipose Tissue↗