Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to V Klimpel.
The surgeon Eduard Albert was unjustified standing in the shadow of his great contemporary neighbour in Vienna, Theodor Billroth, for a long time. Not before their career finished they payed each other respects. Autobiographical reminiscences of important disciples and historical works later generations made a contribution to the recognition of Albert's services and personality.
Zwickau Hospital in Saxony has been a famous center of surgery since the very beginning. It was built by Heinrich Braun, the founder of modern local anesthesia. His successors, Kulenkampff and Mayer, preserved, continued and completed his life's work. The surgery center in Zwickau provided very important ideas for general and local anesthesia, for building and managing hospital and for the science of surgery in words and illustrations.
Among Saxony's schools of surgery, Albert Fromme's in Dresden attain importance. On the basis of his work as a university professor in Göttingen for 10 years, he was able to train a large circle of surgeons in a major hospital. However, this did not detract from his clinical and scientific work. A. Fromme reached the top of German surgery and his crowning achievement was gaining the full professorship and rectorship of the Medical Academy "Carl Gustav Carus" in Dresden (today the Medical Faculty of the Technical University.
This article describes problems some surgeons of Dresden were confronted with in the time between 1750 and 1850. These surgeons present the transition of the 'Age of Enlightment' and the period of sciences. Special achievements are mentioned: Hedenus as the founder of the modern surgery in Dresden and as a pioneer in practising the operations of glandula thyreoidea, Ohle, Meding, Pech and Graeffe mainly as military surgeons and surgery teachers, Ammon as a plastic surgeon and Andrée as a dental surgeon.
With the introduction of anaesthesiology and asepsis, with the progresses of bacteriology and of the hospital buildings the surgery at Dresden had changed too. A new type of surgeons replaced the old predominantly universal and military surgeon. At Dresden pupils of Günther, Zeis, Küster, Volkmann, Thiersch, Friedrich and Trendelenburg worked among others. The new technical and scientific possibilities permitted innovations of urological surgery (Grunert), paediatric surgery (Rupprecht), general surgery (Leonhardi, Stelzner, Lindner, Credé) and of plastic surgery as well as anaesthesia (Noesske).
H.B. Sprung was the first head of the surgical clinic of the Dresden Medical Academy (today's Medical Faculty of the Technical University). In the hard time after World War II he didn't only found a new surgical building, but he also established an efficient surgery including anaesthesiology, neurosurgery, thoracic surgery and traumatology. Sprung got well known beyond the Dresden boundaries at the bottom of his works about the surgery of vegetative nervous system and about the gastro-intestinal diagnostic. During sixteen years of his work he educated many surgeons, which later carried out responsible jobs.
The short visit of the famous German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901) in Saxonia is described. Some days in November and December 1865, Pettenkofer was in the course of the cholera epidemic in Altenburg, Crimmitschau, Werdau, Glauchau and Zwickau, but not in Dresden and Leipzig. We receive a picture from the situation of hygiene and infectology in the time before the bacteriologist (and antagonist of Pettenkofer) Robert Koch (1834-1910) discovered the cholera bacillus. Pettenkofer met some very important physicians of this country and discussed the origin and spreading of the cholera disease. Pettenkofer himself has published a paper about the Saxonia tour, which expressed the ideas of natural sciences in the second half of the nineteen century.
BACKGROUND: Based on a rich ophthalmologic tradition in Saxony--for example Georg Bartisch (1536-1606) and his "ophthalmoduleia" furthermore the anatomist and surgeon of the university of Leipzig Justus Gottfried Guenz (1714-1754), working about the staphyloma and criticizing the notorious oculist John Taylor (1703-1772)--the situation at Dresden and Leipzig is described. The development was dynamical, scientifical and in the end independent of surgical specialty. Physiology (Purkinje, Helmholtz), obstetric (Credé) and other medical specialties had a great influence on the ophthalmology too. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation predominantly is determined by the "Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Sachsen" and by the also important address-books of Dresden and Leipzig. In this material are to find the number of ophthalmologists, of clinics and practices as well as the kinds of work. RESULTS: The ophthalmology in Saxony 100 years ago, especially in the university of Leipzig and in the capital of this country, Dresden, may be mirror of the development in whole Germany. As well in the academic field as in the ophthalmology the specialty was very spreaded and accepted. CONCLUSIONS: In the focus of the ophthalmological picture the extent and the level or the quality of this medical specialty stands. We can say, that the oculists at that time are versed in concerning the operative and conservative therapy. The social welfare played a part in the supply of the blind and in the prescription of glasses. With reference to the chairs and many personalities Saxony was a centre of ophthalmology in Germany.
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A for the most part unknown surgical school in Germany is presented. She begins and ends in Saxony and reaches from the 18th to the begin of the 20th century. The protagonists of this school are Carl Ferdinand von Graefe and Gustav Biedermann Günther. Their characteristics are a strict indication, the surgery of skin, bones and joints as well as the ambulance surgery. Beside plastic surgery this school brought out many other specialties too.
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This compilation refers to the achievements made over almost five centuries in Saxony. Particular reference is given to the universities of Leipzig, Dresden and Wittenberg. The reader may glean from this concise review what has been achieved in this period in the above region.