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Biomedical subjects

V Bond

Publications and source records attributed to V Bond.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Special education services provided to students with and without parental reports of traumatic brain injury.

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and type of special education services provided to youths who had sustained one or more traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) according to parental report but who did not have verified TBIs according to school records. A parental questionnaire formulated for a related research project served as the basis for data collection. Results indicated the most common special education verification categories both for students with and without reported TBIs were speech-language impairment and specific learning disability. Approximately 29% of children with reported TBIs received special education services--a percentage not differing significantly from students without TBIs. However, students with TBIs whose parents reported long-term consequences were significantly more likely to receive special education services than students with TBIs whose parents did not report long-term consequence or students without TBIs. A chi-square analysis using the number of students whose reported TBIs occurred before versus after special education evaluations revealed no significant difference in the types of services received. However, those evaluated for special education services after sustaining TBIs were more than two times as likely to receive services for behavioural disorders than those evaluated prior to sustaining TBIs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Aerobic exercise attenuates blood pressure reactivity to cold pressor test in normotensive, young adult African-American women.

Exaggerated blood pressure reactivity to behavioral stress has been observed in the African-American population, and such a pressor response is believed to play a role in hypertension. Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to exert an anti-hypertensive effect, and this may alter the blood pressure hyperreactivity observed in African Americans. To test the hypothesis that aerobic exercise attenuates pressor reactivity in African Americans, we studied eight healthy aerobically-trained normotensive African-American females and five similar sedentary females. The stress stimuli consisted of the cold pressor test with the foot immersed in ice water for two minutes. The aerobic exercise training protocol consisted of six weeks of jogging at 60-70% of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), three days/week for 35 min/exercise session. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and forearm blood flow were measured. Manifestation of a training effect was illustrated by a 24.1 +/- 0.2% increase in VO2peak (26.9 +/- 1.2 mL x kg(-1) min(-1) vs 35.4 +/- 1.6 mL x kg(-1) min(-1)) (P<.05). Within the exercise-trained group there was a 6.3 +/- .15% decrease in systolic pressure (129 +/- 4.6 mm Hg vs. 121 +/- 5.4 mm Hg) (P<.05), and a 5.0 +/- .05% decrement in mean arterial blood pressure (99 +/- 3.3 mm Hg vs 94 +/- 3.6 mm Hg) (P<.05) during the cold pressor test. Pressor reactivity to cold stress did not change in the untrained group. Measures of heart rate, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and forearm blood flow were unaltered during conditions of the cold pressor test. We conclude that aerobic exercise attenuates the blood pressure reactivity to behavioral stress in young, adult normotensive African-American females. A lifestyle change such as exercising may play a role in reducing the risk of hypertension in African-American women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Growth inhibition of subcutaneously transplanted hepatomas without cachexia by alteration of the dietary arginine-methionine balance.

Previous studies have shown that alteration of the dietary arginine-methionine balance by use of synthetic L-amino acids inhibits tumor growth of a subcutaneously transplanted Morris hepatoma at the expense of maintaining body weight. However, L-methionine is susceptible to degradation and, therefore, may contribute to a deficiency state. The present studies were performed to determine whether growth of subcutaneous hepatoma transplants is inhibited, and body growth maintained, when rats are fed diets containing L-methionine in replacement of N-acetyl-L-methionine (NALM) for 28 days. Tumor-free and tumor-bearing rats fed a control diet, with amino acids replacing protein, had gains in body weight: 31.3 +/- 1.0 and 19.1 +/- 0.5 g (12% and 7%), respectively. Rats fed six experimental diets, with varying L-arginine-NALM balances, had body weight gains ranging from 18.4 +/- 0.3 to 26.7 +/- 0.9 g (7-10%). Tumor weight of control rats was 10.65 +/- 0.24% of body weight. Diets supplemented with L-arginine in combination with normal and deficient NALM decreased tumor weights by 35% and 38%, respectively, It is concluded that dietary replacement of L-methionine with NALM and supplementation with L-arginine inhibits growth of a subcutaneously transplanted Morris hepatoma in the absence of cachexia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Parental report of occurrences and consequences of traumatic brain injury among delinquent and non-delinquent youth.

Completed questionnaires from parents of youths attending a public middle school or high school and parents of youths admitted to an institution for juvenile delinquents provided information about incidents of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in their children. Results revealed that approximately 40% of the non-delinquent youth and 50% of the delinquent youth had sustained one or more TBIs during their childhood or youth. The majority of injuries appeared to be mild and had no permanent consequences. However, the parents of more than one-third of the delinquent youth with TBI histories reported long-term effects on academic performance, behavior and emotional control, activity level, and/or interactions with friends and family members; parental reports of long-term effects occurred significantly less frequently among the non-delinquent youth. The most common causes of TBI differed between the two adolescent populations. Non-delinquent youth sustained TBIs most frequently from blows to the head during sporting events, and delinquent youth sustained TBIs with approximately equal frequency from sporting events, fall, motor vehicle accidents and fights.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1997

The difficulties of compiling a glossary of diseases associated with sexual intercourse in Chiawa, rural Zambia.

It is increasingly appreciated that health interventions need to be sensitive to cultural perceptions of diseases and local disease terminology. This paper examines linguistic and conceptual problems encountered when researchers in rural Zambia try to develop a glossary which correlates biomedical terms for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with local terms for diseases associated with sexual intercourse. Problems arise because it is difficult to establish definite connections between local names and actual biomedical STDs. This paper attempts to draw up a delimited glossary of local terms for diseases associated with sexual intercourse in a rural Zambian community and explore compatibility with the biomedical glossary used in local, formal health facilities. The local terms fall into three broad categories. The first category comprises generic terms, the second symptomalogical terms, and the third category consists of folk concepts associated with moral digression. The concluding analysis speculates on the advantages of health staff being taught the glossary of local terms to use in their consultations with STD patients to facilitate dialogue between health staff and patients, and, perhaps, effective treatment of STDs.

Coitus↗
PubMed1997

Men, women and the trouble with condoms: problems associated with condom use by migrant workers in rural Zambia.

Understanding cultural attitudes to condoms is of the utmost importance in promoting their use as a means of protection against HIV transmission. This article examines condom use in relation to what people see as the purpose of sex, what good sex entails and how this relates to ideas of being a proper woman or man. It seems that the underlying and pervasive ideal is that sex is essentially a procreative act, since an emphasis on male potency and male and female fertility often overrides anxieties about contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Hence condom use is usually only negotiated within some short-term relationships and then not consistently. Whilst both men and women have negative attitudes to condoms, women because of their economic and ideological dependence on men are in a much weaker position to negotiate condom use.

Condoms↗
PubMed1997

'Between a rock and a hard place': applied anthropology and AIDS research on a commercial farm in Zambia.

Fieldwork on a commercial farm in southern Zambia, which was aimed at designing an HIV prevention program for farm workers, gradually exposed the nature of sexual liaisons between young girls, coming to work on the farm from the surrounding villages, and older migrant men workers. Before completing fieldwork, the anthropologist voiced her concern about the implications of these liaisons for the spread of STDs and HIV with the local rural community, farm management and farm workers. The immediate outcome of her intercessions was the decision by management to sack under-age workers. Although some members of the local community, including local research assistants, and some managers and workers welcomed this decision, others were angered by it. Caught between interest groups and conflicting guidelines, the anthropologist, it is argued, was in a no-win situation, 'between a rock and a hard place'. The paper proposes that the application of anthropological ethics in AIDS research needs some re-evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Lower leg high-intensity resistance training and peripheral hemodynamic adaptations.

High-intensity resistance (HIR) training has been associated with muscle hypertrophy and decreased microvascular density that might produce a blood flow limitation. The effect of HIR training on lower leg maximal blood flow and minimum vascular resistance (Rmin) during reactive hyperemia were investigated in 7 healthy males. The gastrocnemius-soleus muscles of one leg were trained using maximal isokinetic concentric contractions for 4 weeks; the nontrained leg was the control. Lower leg blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Lower leg muscle volume was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. Peak isokinetic torque increased in both the trained (T) and nontrained (NT) legs (p < .05). Lower leg muscle volume increased by 2% in the T leg only (p < .05). In the T leg, maximal blood flow decreased and Rmin increased (p < .05); no hemodynamic change was detected in the NT leg. It is concluded that HIR training of the calf muscles is associated with a decrease in hyperemia-induced blood flow; thereby, indicating a blood flow limitation to the calf muscles.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Racial differences in minimum lower leg vascular resistance in normotensive young adults with positive and negative parental histories of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether peripheral hemodynamic differences exist in young adult normotensive African Americans and white Americans with a positive and negative parental history of hypertension. METHODS: The participants were healthy men of whom 13 were African Americans and nine white Americans with a positive parental history and 19 were African Americans and 13 white Americans with a negative parental history. Lower leg blood flows were obtained at rest and during reactive hyperemia. Lower leg minimum vascular resistance (Rmin) was computed from reactive hyperemic blood flow measured by venous occlusion plethysmography, and mean arterial blood pressure was determined by auscultation of the brachial artery. RESULTS: Resting blood flow and mean arterial pressure were similar in all groups. A significant race x parental history interaction effect was observed for lower leg Rmin. In the white men the lower leg Rmin was significantly greater in the positive than the negative parental group (P < 0.05). Lower leg Rmin was significantly greater in African Americans than in white men without a parental histoy (P < 0.05). Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that lower leg Rmin is greater in young white men with a positive parental history of hypertension than those with a negative parental history. In African Americans with either positive or negative parental histories, lower leg Rmin is not different. This finding suggests that heredity may have a greater influence in white populations than in African Americans on the structural changes in resistance vessels. The study also suggests that African Americans have an earlier structural change in the resistance vessels compared with white people, regardless of a parental history of hypertension. This suggests that factors other than heredity are of importance in changing the structure of the resistance vessels.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Race and physical activity: cardiovascular and renal response to sodium loading.

Race and level of physical activity may be important factors affecting cardiovascular responsiveness to acute sodium intake. We examined the effects of a 4-day sodium loading procedure on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, 24-hour electrolyte excretion, and extracellular fluid volume (ECF) in African-American (n = 16) and Caucasian (n = 16) adult males. All subjects were normotensive with either moderately high (> or = 3 day/wk; > or = 20 min/day) or low (< or = 3 day/wk; < or = 20 min/day) physical activity levels. Subjects ingested either placebo or NaCl (0.2 g/kg/day) during two 4-day periods. Sodium loading increased SBP and decreased HR in all high physical activity subjects but not in low physical activity subjects (p < 0.05). Na+ excretion did not differ among groups, although urine volume and K+ excretion were lower, and Na+/K+ excretion ratio was higher in African-American compared to Caucasian subjects (p < 0.05). ECF, as measured by NaBr dilution, was greater in high physical activity subjects compared to low physical activity subjects (p < 0.05). These data suggest that high physical activity levels do not attenuate but rather exaggerate SBP response to a sodium load.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Exercise blood pressure response and skeletal muscle vasodilator capacity in normotensives with positive and negative family history of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To study exercise blood pressure response in association with exercising muscle maximal vasodilatory capacity in normotensives with a positive and negative family history of hypertension. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight normotensive healthy subjects were recruited. Of these, two females and 13 males had a positive, and three females and 10 males had a negative, family history of hypertension. METHODS: Both groups of subjects rode a bicycle ergometer while systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured at 30%, 60% and peak oxygen uptake rate. The vasodilatory capacity was examined in the lower leg by measuring the minimal vascular resistance during peak reactive hyperemia after 10 min arterial occlusion. RESULTS: Age, body weight, resting blood pressure, peak oxygen uptake rate and casual lower leg vascular resistance were not significantly different between the two groups of subjects. Significantly higher exercise systolic blood pressure (9%) and diastolic blood pressure (9%) were seen in the subjects with positive family history of hypertension compared with the subjects with negative family history of hypertension. Exercise heart rate was significantly higher in the subjects with negative than in those with positive family history of hypertension. The vascular resistance at peak vasodilation was 22% higher in the subjects with positive than in the subjects with negative family history of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the dynamic exercise blood pressure is exaggerated and skeletal muscle vasodilatory capacity is limited in normotensives with genetic risk of hypertension. This suggests that the higher pressor response to physical stress that is found in normotensives with a family history of hypertension may be attributed to the resistance vessels in the exercising muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of the Colin STBP-680 at rest and during exercise: an automated blood pressure monitor using R-wave gating.

The application of automated blood pressure measurement during exercise has been limited by inaccuracies introduced by the effects of accompanying motion and noise. We evaluated a newly developed automated blood pressure monitor for measuring exercise blood pressure (Colin STBP-680; Colin, San Antonio, Texas, USA). The STBP-680 uses acoustic transduction with the assistance of the electrocardiogram R-wave to trigger the sampling period for blood pressure measurement. The automated monitor readings were compared with simultaneous technician mercury sphygmomanometric readings in the same arm. Blood pressure was measured in 18 men at rest and during exercise at 40% VO2 peak, (low intensity), 70% VO2 peak (moderate intensity) and VO2 peak (high intensity) on the cycle ergometer. Mean(s.d.) systolic blood pressure difference between the automated monitor and mercury manometer readings at rest and during exercise at low, moderate and high work intensities were 3(0) mmHg, 3(2) mmHg, 1(1) mmHg, and 0(11) mmHg respectively (analysis of variance; P > 0.05). Resting diastolic blood pressure obtained with the STBP-680 was similar to the mercury manometer readings (78(10) versus 81(7) mmHg (P > 0.05). Exercise diastolic pressure at the low level of work intensity was almost identical between the automated monitor and mercury manometer readings (64(8) versus 65(10) mmHg (not significant)). Diastolic blood pressure readings between the STBP-680 and mercury manometer showed a greater difference at the moderate and high workloads (11 mmHg and 9 mmHg, respectively), but this difference was not significant (P > 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Racial differences in maximal vasodilatory capacity of forearm resistance vessels in normotensive young adults.

This study was performed to determine whether alterations in vascular structure exist in a biracial population of young (age 22.3 +/- 0.6 yrs [mean + SE]) normotensive men. We examined maximal vasodilatory capacity in 21 blacks and 20 whites (average blood pressure = 122/75 and 118/72 mm Hg, respectively). Forearm blood flow was determined at rest and after 10 min of ischemic handgrip exercise using venous occlusion plethysmography. Forearm vascular resistance was computed from blood flow and mean arterial blood pressure determined by auscultation. Minimum forearm vascular resistance was 23% higher in blacks (2.60 +/- 0.60) than in whites (2.11 +/- 0.41) (P = .005), and was unrelated to parental history of hypertension. The regression equation for minimum forearm vascular resistance (Y) and casual blood pressure (X) for blacks was Y = -1.782 + 0.0487X (r = 0.522); for whites it was Y = -1.165 + 0.0367X (r = 0.418). When the data were covaried on resting mean arterial blood pressure, blacks still had a higher minimum forearm vascular resistance (P = .014). The results suggest a racial difference in the vascular structure of the forearm resistance vessels.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to exercise in blacks and whites.

The purpose of the present study was to assess possible racial differences in cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to dynamic exercise. A biracial group of normotensive college-age men (15 blacks, 15 whites) were tested for maximal oxygen uptake, resting blood pressure, and heart rate. Subjects then rode a cycle ergometer at 25%, 50%, and 75% of peak oxygen uptake (6 minutes at each stage). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured during supine rest, seated rest, and at each stage of exercise with an automated blood pressure monitor. At each stage, venous blood was sampled to allow determination of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine, and cardiac output was measured with the carbon dioxide rebreathing technique. The results indicated that resting blood pressure was similar for blacks and whites (114/68 versus 115/68 mm Hg, respectively). Blacks exhibited greater systolic and diastolic blood pressures during submaximal dynamic exercise. However, blacks also showed a trend toward a positive parental history of hypertension, which has been associated with an increased pressor response. Racial differences did not exist for heart rate or cardiac output, but blacks had higher values for total peripheral resistance both at rest and during exercise. Although no overall racial differences were seen for plasma catecholamine concentrations at rest, blacks had significantly lower levels of norepinephrine (1,275 versus 1,556 pg/ml) and higher levels of epinephrine (306 versus 216 pg/ml) than whites at the highest work rate. The current study confirms the increased pressor response to exercise in normotensive blacks. Blacks had an elevation in total peripheral resistance that was not accompanied by an increase in plasma norepinephrine levels.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Effects of active and passive recovery on lactate removal and subsequent isokinetic muscle function.

The effect of active and passive recovery on the removal of accumulated blood lactate and subsequent muscle function were tested using five male subjects. The experimental protocol consisted of two exercise sessions performed on a mechanical brake cycle ergometer at 150% VO2max for 60 seconds. Termination of the supramaximal work bouts were followed by a 20 minutes active recovery period cycling at 30% VO2max and a 20 minutes passive recovery period sitting quietly. Following the recovery modes, isokinetic measures of peak torque, total work output and fatigue were evaluated in the dominant quadricep muscle group. During the control test, exercise performance was limited to that of isokinetic evaluation. The order of the experimental and control tests were randomly assigned. Postexercise blood lactate levels prior to the isokinetic muscle test were 9.2 and 9.1 mM during the active and passive recovery conditions respectively. Blood lactate concentration during the control test was .4 mM prior to the isokinetic muscle test. The rate of blood lactate disappearance was significantly greater during active recovery (3.5 mM) when compared with passive recovery (7.2 mM). Blood lactate concentration during the control test was significantly lower (.4 mM) in comparison to both active and passive lactate concentrations prior to the isokinetic muscle test. Despite significant differences in blood lactate between active and passive recovery conditions, there was no difference in isokinetic measures of maximal strength, work output and muscle fatigue between recovery modes. Further indication that lactate is unrelated to muscle function was the nonsignificant finding in muscle function between the control and experimental conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of dietary fish oil or pectin on blood pressure and lipid metabolism in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat.

This study investigated the effects of diets containing fish oil or pectin on blood pressure and lipid metabolism in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rat. Three groups (8 rats/group) of unilaterally nephrectomized rats were fed for 21 d one of three purified diets: a) 8% fish oil + 2% safflower oil + 5% alpha cellulose (fish oil diet), b) 10% safflower oil + 5% pectin (pectin diet), or c) 10% safflower oil + 5% alpha cellulose (control diet). Each of the diets contained 6% NaCl and all rats received DOCA (30 mg/kg body wt, subcutaneously) twice weekly. Systolic blood pressure of rats fed fish oil was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than that of rats fed the control diet; there was no significant difference between the pectin and control groups. Plasma renin activity and net sodium and potassium balances were similar among the three groups. Plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the group fed the fish oil diet than in the group fed the control diet. Total, LDL and HDL cholesterol did not differ between rats fed the pectin and rats fed the control diet. Plasma triglyceride concentration did not differ among the three groups. Thus, dietary fish oil attenuated the development of DOCA-salt hypertension, unrelated to alterations of net sodium balance. Fish oil feeding also lowered total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, but did not alter the HDL/LDL ratio. In contrast, dietary pectin exerted no effect on blood pressure or lipid metabolism.

Animals↗