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Biomedical subjects

U Lundberg

Publications and source records attributed to U Lundberg.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Catecholamine and cortisol excretion patterns in three-year-old children and their parents.

Urinary catecholamine and cortisol excretion was studied in a group of three-year-olds, their mothers and fathers during night rest, one day at home and one day at hospital. The stay in the hospital, which was part of a longitudinal study of the families, induced a pronounced rise in adrenaline excretion and a moderate increase in noradrenaline excretion in relation to the at-home level. Although the catecholamine excretion in relation to body weight was much higher in the children, the magnitude of the increase at the hospital was about the same in all the family members. The adrenaline excretion was also affected by the diverse conditions at the hospital and showed, for example, a marked decrease during lunch hour. The cortisol excretion at the hospital tended to be elevated only in fathers. On the average, mothers excreted about the same amount of adrenaline as the fathers at the hospital, but significantly more noradrenaline. In earlier studies males have shown a greater adrenaline output than females during achievement-demanding situations. The findings of this study were interpreted within the context of the specific challenge that the situation represented to the mothers. The mothers also excreted more noradrenaline in the at-home condition. Catecholamine and cortisol excretion levels within family members tended to be positively correlated, but the correlations were generally low.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion patterns over experimental conditions.

Measures of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol excretion and heart rate in five experimental conditions (three for heart rate) and three baseline conditions were obtained from 24 male and 24 female university students. For each sex group correlation coefficients between variables were calculated on the basis of (1) absolute measures, (2) absolute differences between experimental ad baseline measures, and (3) experimental measures expressed as log percentages of baseline measures. For both sex groups and for the three types of data it was consistently found that adrenaline excretion correlated significantly and positively with noradrenaline, cortisol and urine excretion and that cortisol excretion correlated significantly with urine excretion. Furthermore, in females, absolute measures of noradrenaline were significantly positively correlated with heart rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Dissociation between sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenal responses to an achievement situation characterized by high controllability: comparison between type A and type B males and females.

Type A and Type B university students of both sexes performed a choice-reaction task that was designed to allow each subject at his/her preferred pace and to maintain control over the stimulus rate throughout a period of sustained work. Type As selected faster stimulus rates, and coped more effectively with their total work load than did Type Bs with their lesser load. The superior achievement of the Type A group was not reflected in self-reports of subjective arousal, not in physiological arousal indices, e.g. heart rate, and catecholamine and cortisol excretion. Comparison between sexes (Type A and Type B persons) showed that males reported exerting significantly more effort than females and, accordingly, secreted significantly more adrenaline. A common charcteristic of all groups was the dissociation between sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenal arousal, catecholamine output increasing and cortisol output decreasing in response to the achievement demands. The rise in catecholamine output was interpreted in terms of the mobilization of effort induced by the task, and the decrease of cortisol in terms of the high level of personal control in performing the task.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

Interaction of alcohol and reward in an achievement situation.

Effects of psychological stress on acute alcohol intoxication following intake of 2 ml whisky/kg body weight were examined in 12 healthy subjects. Each subject performed a 45-min psychomotor task under four conditions, two of which increased achievement stress by promising the subject a monetary reward for rapid and accurate performance. The conditions were (a) task only, (b) task + reward, (c) task + alcohol, and (d) task + reward + alcohol. In condition (b) reward improved performance and heightened both physiological and subjective arousal, and in condition (c) alcohol impaired performance, lowered subjective arousal, and increased physiological arousal. In condition (d) the reward counteracted the depressant effects of alcohol on performance and mood, whereas an additive, arousing effect was obtained in all physiological variables, i.e., catecholamine and cortisol excretion and heart rate.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

Adrenal-medullary and adrenal-cortical responses to understimulation and overstimulation: comparison between type A and type B persons.

Male and female university students, classified as Type A and Type B persons with the aid of a questionnaire measuring coronary-prone behavior, were studied while doing mental work under laboratory conditions, characterized by understimulation and overstimulation, and while unoccupied (baseline session). The urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol, heart rate (in the understimulation and baseline conditions) and self-reports were used as indices of arousal. The overall picture showed that both experimental conditions increased arousal, the rise being particularly pronounced for cortisol excretion during understimulation and for adrenaline excretion during overstimulation. Comparison between groups showed that cortisol excretion was higher in Type A than in Type B persons of both sexes during understimulation. Adrenaline excretion was about the same in both sexes (Type A and Type B) during understimulation, but was higher in males than in females during overstimulation. There were no group differences in performance.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1978

Psychophysiological reactions to noise as modified by personal control over noise intensity.

Effects of personal control over noise intensity were studied in experimental situations where subjects performed mental arithmetic under noise exposure. Every other subject was offered a choice between noise intensities, and the next subject, serving as his yoked partner, had to submit to the same noise. Mean measures of catecholamine and cortisol excretion, and of heart rate and subjective effort and discomfort showed that subjects were more aroused in the yoked situation. There were, however, considerable interindividual differences, subjects classified as 'internals' or 'externals' on the basis of the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale responding to the two experimental conditions in congruence with their general beliefs and attitudes with regard to control.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Sex differences in sympathetic-adrenal medullary reactions induced by different stressors.

Male and female university students were exposed to two different stressors in each of two 110-min sessions, i.e., a cognitive task (color-word conflict) and repeated venipuncture. Catecholamine excretion, heart rate, and subjective reactions were measured. Control values were obtained under conditions of relaxation in the laboratory. Subjects of both sexes responded to both stressors by increased heart rate and feelings of unpleasantness and distress. The pattern of adrenaline excretion, however, differed between sexes: in males both stressors induced a significant increase, whereas in females adrenaline excretion remained on the same level under the two stress conditions as during relaxation; Noradrenaline excretion was not systematically affected by either stressor in either sex group.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1976

Scaling of life changes: differences between three diagnostic groups and between recently experienced and non-experienced events.

Myocardial infarction (MI), neurosis, and lower back pain patients, and matched control subjects estimated the subjective importance of 46 life change events. They estimated (1) the degree of effort necessary in adjusting to them, and (2) how upsetting they were. The estimates of "adjustment" were on average higher than those of "upset". The neurosis patients gave higher values than their controls. Total life change scores were calculated (1) according to the subjects' estimates of recently experienced life events, and (2) according to their estimates of recently non-experienced events. It was found that the first type of scores discriminated better between the two groups than the second type. The results indicate that different forms of psychological scaling may be used to improve the predictive value of life change data.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Urban commuting: crowdedness and catecholamine excretion.

Male passengers regularly commuting by train on the Stockholm-Nynäshamn line were investigated on two morning trips to Stockholm. These trips were made under different levels of crowding, before (Trip 1) and after (Trip 2) a period of gas rationing during the oil crisis in 1974. However, seats were available for almost everyone during both trips. One group of subjects boarded the train at its first stop (Nynäshamn), the other midway on its route (Västerhaninge). Physiological reactions were assessed from the rate of catecholamine excretion in urine and subjective experiences were measured by self-ratings. The results showed that feelings of discomfort grew more intense as the train approached Stockholm and the number of passengers increased. Perceived crowdedness increased as the square of the number of passengers. During both trips the subjects from Nynäshamn (longer trip) had a lower rate of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion on the train than those from Västerhaninge. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of adrenaline excretion was higher for both groups during Trip 2, when the train was more crowded. The results support previous findings indicating that the stress involved in travelling by train varies more with the social and ecological conditions of the trip than with its length or duration.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Imhotep].

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Egypt, Ancient↗