Biomedical subjects

Thomas J Webster

Publications and source records attributed to Thomas J Webster.

42 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanometer diameter carbon fibers.

The present in vitro study investigated select functions (specifically, proliferation, synthesis of intracellular proteins, alkaline phosphatase activity, and deposition of calcium-containing mineral) of osteoblasts (the bone-forming cells) cultured on carbon fibers with nanometer dimensions. Carbon fiber compacts were synthesized to possess either nanophase (i.e., dimensions 100 nm or less) or conventional (i.e., dimensions larger than 100 nm) fiber diameters. Osteoblast proliferation increased with decreasing carbon fiber diameters after 3 and 7 days of culture. Moreover, compared to larger-diameter carbon fibers, osteoblasts synthesized more alkaline phosphatase and deposited more extracellular calcium on nanometer-diameter carbon fibers after 7, 14, and 21 days of culture. The results of the present study provided the first evidence of enhanced long-term (in the order of days to weeks) functions of osteoblasts cultured on nanometer-diameter carbon fibers; in this manner, carbon nanofibers clearly represent a unique and promising class of orthopedic/dental implant formulations with improved osseointegrative properties.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2002

Nanostructured polymer/nanophase ceramic composites enhance osteoblast and chondrocyte adhesion.

Osteoblast (bone-forming cell) and chondrocyte (cartilage-synthesizing cell) adhesion on novel nanostructured polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and titania composites were investigated in the present in vitro study. Nanostructured polymers were created by chemically treating micron-structured PLGA with select concentrations of NaOH for various periods of time. Dimensions of ceramics were controlled by utilizing either micron or nanometer grain size titania. Compared with surfaces with conventional or micron surface roughness dimensions, results provided the first evidence of increased osteoblast and chondrocyte adhesion on 100 wt% PLGA films with nanometer polymer surface roughness dimensions. Results also confirmed other literature reports of enhanced osteoblast adhesion on 100 wt% nanometer compared with conventional grain size titania compacts; however, the present study provided the first evidence that decreasing titania grain size into the nanometer range did not influence chondrocyte adhesion. Finally, osteoblast and chondrocyte adhesion increased on 70/30 wt% PLGA/titania composites formulated to possess nanosurface rather than conventional surface feature dimensions. The present study, thus, provided evidence that these nanostructured PLGA/titania composites may possess the ability to simulate surface and/or chemical properties of bone and cartilage, respectively, to allow for exciting alternatives in the design of prostheses with greater efficacy.

Cell Adhesion↗

PubMed2002

Enhanced functions of vascular and bladder cells on poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid polymers with nanostructured surfaces.

Polymers currently utilized for tissue engineering applications do not possess surfaces with nanostructured features. However, the tissue that the polymers will replace is composed of proteins that have nanometer dimensions. Undoubtedly, in situ, cells are accustomed to interacting with surface roughness values in the nanometer regime due to the presence of such proteins in natural tissue. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to design, synthesize and evaluate (using in vitro cellular models) poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) with nanostructured surface features to serve as the next generation of more efficient tissue engineered materials. For this purpose, nanostructured PLGA was created by treating conventional PLGA with various concentrations of NaOH for select periods of time. To eliminate surface chemistry changes created though the etching process, PLGA was cast from silastic molds of NaOH-treated nanostructured PLGA. Results provided the first evidence of increased numbers of vascular cells (specifically, endothelial and aortic smooth muscle cells) and bladder smooth muscle cells on nanostructured compared with conventional PLGA substrates. For this reason, the present results suggest, for the first time, that PLGA should incorporate a high degree of nanostructured surface roughness to enhance tissue regeneration for vascular and bladder applications.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Decreased functions of astrocytes on carbon nanofiber materials.

Carbon nanofibers possess excellent conductivity properties, which may be beneficial in the design of more effective neural prostheses; however, limited evidence on their cytocompatibility properties currently exists. The objective of the present in vitro study was to determine cytocompatibility properties of formulations containing carbon nanofibers pertinent to neural implant applications. Substrates were prepared from four different types of carbon fibers, two with nanoscale diameters (nanophase, or less than or equal to 100 nm) and two with conventional diameters (or greater than 100 nm). Within these two categories, both a high and a low surface energy fiber were investigated and tested. Carbon fibers were compacted in a manual hydraulic press via a uniaxial loading cycle. Astrocytes (glial scar tissue-forming cells) were seeded onto the substrates for adhesion, proliferation, and long-term function studies (such as total intracellular protein and alkaline phosphatase activity). Results provided the first evidence that astrocytes preferentially adhered and proliferated on carbon fibers that had the largest diameter and the lowest surface energy. Based on these results, composite substrates were also formed using different weight percentages (0-25 wt%) of the nanophase, high surface energy fibers in a polycarbonate urethane matrix. Results provided the first evidence of decreased adhesion of astrocytes with increasing weight percents of the high surface energy carbon nanofibers in the polymer composite; this further demonstrates that formulations containing carbon fibers in the nanometer regime may limit astrocyte functions leading to decreased glial scar tissue formation. Positive interactions with neurons, and, at the same time, limited astrocyte functions leading to decreased gliotic scar tissue formation are essential for increased neuronal implant efficacy.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Altered responses of chondrocytes to nanophase PLGA/nanophase titania composites.

Chondrocyte (cartilage-synthesizing cells) cell density and synthesis of select intracellular proteins by chondrocytes were investigated on novel nanophase poly-lactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and titania composites in the present in vitro study. Nanophase PLGA films were created by chemically treating conventional (or micron-structured) PLGA films with 10N NaOH for 1h. Titania particle dimensions in ceramic compacts were controlled by utilizing either conventional (i.e., micron) or nanometer grain size titania. Composites of either conventional or nanophase PLGA with either conventional or nanophase titania at 70/30wt% were also created. Compared to surfaces with a conventional or micron topography, results provided the first evidence of stagnant confluent cell densities on nanostructured surfaces at time points between 1 and 7 days. Moreover, compared to surfaces with a conventional topography, increased chondrocyte intracellular synthesis of alkaline phosphatase and chondrocyte expressed protein-68 (proteins that have been correlated with the functions of chondrocytes) were observed on nanophase PLGA/nanophase titania composites. The present study, thus, provided the first evidence of different chondrocyte responses to nanostructured PLGA/nanophase titania composites; in light of other reports demonstrating increased functions of bone cells on the same materials, such data indicates that further investigation of these materials at the bone-cartilage interface should be conducted.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Anodization: a promising nano-modification technique of titanium implants for orthopedic applications.

Anodization is a well-established surface modification technique that produces protective oxide layers on valve metals such as titanium. Many studies have used anodization to produce micro-porous titanium oxide films on implant surfaces for orthopedic applications. An additional hydrothermal treatment has also been used in conjunction with anodization to deposit hydroxyapatite on titanium surfaces; this is in contrast to using traditional plasma spray deposition techniques. Recently, the ability to create nanometer surface structures (e.g., nano-tubular) via anodization of titanium implants in fluorine solutions have intrigued investigators to fabricate nano-scale surface features that mimic the natural bone environment. This paper will present an overview of anodization techniques used to produce micro-porous titanium oxide structures and nano-tubular oxide structures, subsequent properties of these anodized titanium surfaces, and ultimately their in vitro as well as in vivo biological responses pertinent for orthopedic applications. Lastly, this review will emphasize why anodized titanium structures that have nanometer surface features enhance bone forming cell functions.

Coated Materials, Biocompatible↗