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Cytology of microinvasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

The cervical cytology in 53 cases with histologically confirmed microinvasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was studied. The smears were originally correctly diagnosed as showing microinvasion in 42% of the cases and were underinterpreted in 45%. On review, four of the underdiagnosed smears did show features of microinvasion. The depth of invasion did not have much influence on the cellular features. The patients underdiagnosed by cytology showed a tendency to have a smaller surface lesion and to have a history of a prior cervical manipulation within four weeks of the cytologic examination. The mean age of the overdiagnosed cases was distinctly higher than that of other cases. The colposcopic diagnosis correlated well with the cytologic diagnosis; both diagnostic modalities were considered to reflect well the change within the surface epithelium but to be less sensitive in recognizing the subtle changes of early invasion.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Unconstrained heart-rate monitoring during bathing.

An unconstrained electrocardiograph (ECG) and heart-rate monitor was designed to record ECG measurements in the bathtub. The apparatus consists of analog and digital parts. In the analog part, electrocardiographic signals obtained from electrodes placed inside the bathtub were amplified approximately 4,000 times. The electrodes were made of stainless steel and were 104 x 74 x 0.5 mm in size, including the absorbent sponge covers. Each electrode fitted into a plastic case 110 x 79 x 23 mm in size. Working electrodes were placed 20 cm from the bottom of the long bathtub wall, close to the position of the immersed trunk, and a reference electrode was placed 5 cm from the bottom of the side wall close to the toe position. In the digital part of the system the heart rate was calculated from the R-R interval of each ECG pulse and the calculated data were stored in a random-access memory. These stored data were transferred to a personal computer through an RS 232C interface and analyzed. The heart rates obtained from the bathtub ECG agreed with those obtained from a body-surface ECG. During measurements in bathwater with various concentrations of sodium chloride, the amplitude of the electrocardiographic waveform decreased as the electrical conductivity increased. The frequency characteristics of the bathtub ECG varied with the bathtub dimensions and the electrical conductivity of the water. Using this apparatus, heart-rate measurements can be obtained easily and noninvasively, but interpretation of the ECG signal requires great care. This monitor could be used as a home health heart-rate monitor.

Adult↗