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Biomedical subjects

T Watson

Publications and source records attributed to T Watson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The effect of temperature on viscosity of root canal sealers.

AIM: To test the hypothesis that there was no significant (alpha = 0.05) change in viscosity of commercially available root canal sealers with increase in temperature using a high-performance Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) rheometer. METHODOLOGY: Materials tested were Apexit, Tubliseal EWT, Grossman's, AH Plus and Ketac-endo. Cone-and-plate geometry was used (25-mm diameter, 0.1 radian and gap 0.051 mm). Measurements were carried out for steady-state viscosity at 25 and 37 degrees C in the shear rate range of 0.001-50 s(-1) at standardized relative humidity and within 30 min from the start of mixing. Five samples were taken for each sealer at each temperature. RESULTS: At 25 degrees C all sealers demonstrated shear thinning. At 37 degrees C Grossman's (powder : liquid ratio 2 : 1 and 3 : 1) and Ketac-endo had a rapid rise in viscosity and early set whereas the other sealers were shear thinning. On increasing temperature from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C, Apexit, Tubliseal and AH Plus had reduced viscosity whereas Grossman's 2 : 1, Grossman's 3 : 1 and Ketac-endo had increased viscosity, which varied with the shear rate. The change in viscosity with change in temperature was significant (P < 0.05) for all sealers except AH Plus. CONCLUSIONS: There was a variation in the effect of increasing temperature on each sealer depending on the shear rate. With the exception of AH Plus, a significant (P < 0.05) change in viscosity was found, and the null hypothesis was rejected.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed2005

Growth factors and their relationship to neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease.

Growth factors are extracellular signaling molecules that act in an autocrine and paracrine fashion to regulate growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells. Dysregulation of the growth factor networks is intimately related to the molecular pathogenesis of neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth factors and their actions on cell cycling, cell division, and cell death is shedding light on new therapeutic avenues for molecular targeting of tumors. Epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor both offer examples of how growth factor biology and its relationship to cancer can be harnessed to create effective clinical therapeutic tools such as monoclonal antibodies. This approach heralds a future in which rational molecular oncological therapy may increasingly become the norm.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Bonding to and protecting worn palatal surfaces of teeth with dentine bonding agents.

Dentine bonding resins may play a role in protecting dentine against acids for patients with erosion. Therefore, it is important to try and understand what potential difficulties may ensue when bonding to worn dentine. This paper reviews the literature on the changes between normal and worn dentine and the effect of this on the bonding to composite resins. A medline search was undertaken using the terms erosion, tooth wear and dentine bonding up until the spring of 2003. Although there are changes on the surface of worn dentine, there is little evidence that this may affect the bond.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

Kikuchi disease presenting as a flu-like illness with rash and lymphadenopathy.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (Kikuchi Disease) is a self-limited and benign systemic lymphadenitis of unknown cause, originally described by Kikuchi and Fujimoto and coworkers in 1972. Although relatively uncommon, it is increasingly discussed in the medical literature. Clinical presentation typically includes adenopathy, particularly cervical, with fever and flu-like symptoms. This constellation of symptoms, in the presence of a characteristic histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, provides the clinicopathologic diagnosis. The immunopathogenesis of Kikuchi disease may lie in a hyperactive response to viral infection. We describe an African American man with Kikuchi disease, unusual in the extent of his rash and debilitation, and in the relapse of his clinical symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adult survivors of severe cerebral hypoxia--case series survey and comparative analysis.

Over 16 years, Wilson [31] saw and assessed 567 patients, 18 (3.2%) had a primary diagnosis of cerebral hypoxia. The present patient survey includes all referrals for assessment, management/advice and neuropsychological rehabilitation to a part-time clinical neuropsychology service, who were seen by the first author over a five year period (October 1995-2000). Of the total patient sample (n = 168), 13 (7.7%) had incurred hypoxic damage from a variety of causes; [3] carbon monoxide poisoning (smoke inhalation), [3] cardiac arrest, [1] accidental alcohol and drug overdose, [1] near (partial) drowning, [1] near hanging (suffocation), [2] respiratory arrest following prolonged status epilepticus, [1] respiratory arrest following severe pneumonia and [1] following Addisonian crisis. The survey includes a sub-group of patients in vegetative and minimally responsive states on referral. Wilson [31] highlighted that considerable variation in cognitive functioning is likely to be observed depending on (a) nature or cause of the hypoxic insult and (b) the degree of anoxia/hypoxia experienced itself. The results of the present survey when compared with Wilson's earlier work provide a larger total data-set from which to draw conclusions and has implications for practitioners who see such patients and are involved in their multidisciplinary management and rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Current concepts in electrotherapy.

Electrotherapy has an established role in the management of a wide range of musculoskeletal and neurological problems. Used in conjunction with other therapeutic interventions, it can make a positive contribution to patient care. The means by which a range of different exogenous energy forms can influence the physiological state of the tissue is well documented. Different therapeutic modalities achieve their effects in different tissues, and the clinical decision-making process should employ the available evidence in order to maximize the potential benefit for each patient. The applied energy essentially acts as a trigger that is responsible for stimulating, enhancing or activating particular physiological events, which in turn are utilized to achieve therapeutic benefit. There appear to be windows of opportunity related to the magnitude of the applied energy, the amplitude of the stimulus and the frequency of application. Tissues appear to vary in their responsiveness to these factors, and thus an appropriate modality applied in an inappropriate manner will fail to achieve the anticipated effect. This paper aims to review the current concepts of electrotherapy intervention, taking into account various theories which support the principles. Application of various energies in this way can result in significant benefit for the patient.

Contraindications↗
PubMed2002

Vegetative state and minimally responsive patients--regional survey, long-term case outcomes and service recommendations.

A regional survey of Consultant level Neurology, Neurosurgical and Rehabilitation staff identified a retrospective estimate of patients in vegetative or minimally responsive states from their own clinical caseloads (October 1995--97). 35 patients were identified; the majority of whom were not currently placed in specialist brain injury facilities following acute hospital intervention. In addition, a retrospective review of referrals to this unit (1995--2001) was also undertaken. Of twelve patients referred as being in a vegetative or minimally responsive state, 4 were considered as having been misdiagnosed (emerged) at follow-up; 2 had been presumed to be vegetative for at least one year. All patients remained severely physically disabled (i.e., totally dependent for care) but four were nevertheless able to communicate their preference in quality of life issues, care decisions etc. either by verbal or non-verbal means. Vegetative-minimally responsive patients or those who are very severely and multiply disabled need skilled and frequently prolonged assessment. Appropriate management requires an experienced inter-disciplinary as opposed to multidisciplinary team working style, whose skill repertoire equips them to recognise often-subtle improvements in cognitive function and act to maximise individual patient's quality of life. The current paucity of service provision for this vulnerable group of patients is highlighted.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of cortisporin and ciprofloxacin otic drops as prophylaxis against post-tympanostomy otorrhea.

Myringotomy and tube insertion, a common pediatric surgical procedure, is frequently complicated by purulent otorrhea. Many otolaryngologists routinely use topical antibiotics as prophylaxis against post-tympanostomy otorrhea. The aminoglycosides (neomycin sulfate, tobramycin and gentamicin) contained in commonly used topical antibiotics as well as components of the solutions have been shown to be ototoxic in animal studies. Although little reported evidence of ototoxicity in humans exists, sporadic reports of sensorineural hearing loss linked to topical antibiotic use do exist, and the potential for sensorineural hearing loss must be considered. The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of post-tympanostomy otorrhea in a double-blinded randomized trial using either topical Ciprofloxacin, with no reported ototoxicity, or Cortisporin as prophylaxis. One hundred patients (200 ears) between ages 7 months and 11 years with a diagnosis of recurrent otitis media or chronic otitis media undergoing tympanostomy tube insertion were randomized into two equal groups. Three drops of either drop A or B were placed into each ear at the time of tube insertion and then three times daily for 3 days. Patients were examined at 3 weeks and details of otorrhea were obtained. The rate of otorrhea was analyzed using chi-square. The overall rate of otorrhea was 39 ears (19.5%), 17 (17%) ears for the Cortisporin group and 22 (22%) for the Ciprofloxacin group. The difference in rate of otorrhea was not statistically significant (P=0.372, 95% confidence interval equals -6-16%). Our data suggest that topical Cortisporin offers no benefit over Ciprofloxacin for post-operative otorrhea prophylaxis. Therefore we recommend topical quinolone prophylaxis, which should eliminate concerns about ototoxicity, without sacrificing efficacy.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

A slimming program for eating disorders not otherwise specified. Reconceptualizing a confusing, residual diagnostic category.

This study suggests that the category of EDNOS as currently defined is overly broad, representing many cases that could be more helpfully subsumed within AN or BN diagnostic criteria without changing the essential features of these categories but by rethinking the currently overly restrictive, perhaps research-derived criteria. The reconceptualizing of AN as a syndrome resulting from a decrement between setpoint versus illness-driven final weight avoids the inherent problems of imposing a category on a dimension. A rethinking of AN suggests that a specific female-only abnormality of reproductive hormone functioning, 3 months of amenorrhea, is too restrictive. Instead, a more encompassing criterion recognizing the multiple medical, social, and psychologic functional impairments that result from substantial starvation would be appropriate in its place. Clinicians who otherwise confidently treat AN and BN patients would welcome the clearer diagnostic categorization of the potentially confusing EDNOS category. Third party payers who currently, albeit wrongly, exclude EDNOS diagnoses from insurance payment, would have less difficulty with a smaller group of EDNOS. In summary, the currently overly broad category of EDNOS as currently used would benefit from a thoughtful dieting regimen.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2001

Circulating secretory phospholipase A2 in critical illness--the importance of the intestine.

OBJECTIVE: To review the role of secretory phospholipase A2 in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure in the critically ill patient. DATA SOURCES: Relevant articles and published reviews on secretory phospholipase A2 in critical illness. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) has an important role in inflammation and in antimicrobial defence. However, excessive activity of sPLA2 has been shown to result in tissue damage and has been implicated as a mediator of organ failure associated with critical illness. Gastrointestinal release of secretory phospholipase A2 from Paneth cells increases during intestinal ischaemia and may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In experimental models, specific PLA2 inhibitors reduce organ failure associated with sPLA infusion and may play an important role in reducing organ failure in the management of the critically ill patient. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal ischaemia may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in the critically ill patient. In patients with sepsis, specific PLA2 inhibitors have the potential to reduce organ failure and improve morbidity and mortality.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Osteoporosis and osteopenia in men with eating disorders.

The occurrence of eating disorders and related deficiencies in bone mineral density are well established in women. However, we provide evidence that eating disorders are as common in men as in women, and are perhaps more severe.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lip rejuvenation.

BACKGROUND: The management of the senile lip remains a dilemma. Allogenic fillers often feel unnatural, lip resurfacing is not adequate, and fat transfers may disappear. OBJECTIVE: To develop a more reliable step-by-step approach to lip augmentation. METHOD: Lips were divided into types: (1) the simple senile lip that had lost its fullness-treated with fat augmentation; (2) the lip with rhagades-treated with fat augmentation and laser resurfacing; and (3) the duckbill lip-treated with lip advancement, fat augmentation, and laser resurfacing. Tattooing to increase the degree of redness was performed on all types of lips. RESULT: If there had been a previously full lip, it was possible to rejuvenate the lip by simple augmentation with autologous fat transfer. The average number of fat transfer sessions to generate this pleasing lip was two to three. The lip with rhagades required fat filling, with laser resurfacing to achieve a new contour. The duckbill lip required a lip advancement along with lipofilling and laser resurfacing. All types benefited from lip tattooing. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible with fat augmentation and/or laser resurfacing to generate a pleasing lip in type 1 and 2 lips. Lip type 3 required a lip advancement along with fat augmentation and laser resurfacing. Lip tattooing accentuated all the lip types.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

The role of electrotherapy in contemporary physiotherapy practice.

Although electrotherapy has a well established role within physiotherapy practice, the current concepts that influence its application vary considerably from those proposed historically. It is argued that there is a place for electrophysical modalities in contemporary practice, and several basic principles are considered together with more specific information regarding two modalities namely, ultrasound and interferential therapy. Electrophysical agents are utilised to bring about physiological effects, and it is these changes which bring about the therapeutic benefit rather than the modality itself. Clinical decision protocols employing the available evidence should enable the most appropriate modality to be employed for a particular patient. Indiscriminate use of electrotherapy is unlikely to yield significant benefit, however used at the right time, it has the potential to achieve beneficial effect. The patient management programme which combines manual therapy, exercise therapy and electrotherapy, based on current evidence, should enable the most efficacious management of a patients' dysfunction. This paper aims to consider some of the current concepts in electrotherapy and to relate this to both general and specific treatments.

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Hepatotoxicity in cancer patients receiving erb-38, a recombinant immunotoxin that targets the erbB2 receptor.

To exploit overexpression of erbB2 in human cancers, we constructed a single-chain immunotoxin (erb-38) that contains the Fv portion of monoclonal antibody e23 fused to a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. In a Phase I study, five breast cancer patients and one esophageal cancer patient received three doses of erb-38 at 1.0 and 2.0 microg/kg. Hepatotoxicity was observed in all patients. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of erbB2 on hepatocytes explaining the liver toxicity of erb-38. We suggest that targeting of tumors with antibodies to erbB2 armed with radioisotopes or other toxic agents may result in unexpected organ toxicities due to erbB2 on normal cells.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗