Nutritional problems in peritoneal dialysis: an overview.
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Anorexia↗
Biomedical subjects
T Wang
Publications and source records attributed to T Wang.
Nongastric H+,K+-ATPase: cell biologic and functional properties.
Several members of the H+,K+-ATPase family of ion pumps participate in renal K transport. This class of P-type ATPases includes the gastric H+,K+-ATPase as well as a number of nongastric H+,K+-ATPase isoforms. Physiological studies suggest that these enzymes operate predominantly at the apical surfaces of tubule epithelial cells. Although much has been learned about the pattern of H+,K+-ATPase isoform expression and its response to stress, the functional and cell biologic attributes of these pumps remain largely unelucidated. We have studied the properties of renal H+,K+-ATPases both in vitro and in situ. Our analysis of ion fluxes driven by a nongastric H+,K+-ATPase isoform suggests that it exchanges Na (rather than H) for K under normal circumstances. Thus, the individual H+,K+-ATPase isoforms may make diverse contributions to renal cation transport. We find that the activities of renal H+,K+-ATPases in situ are regulated by endocytosis, which is mediated by an endocytosis signal in the cytoplasmic tail of the gastric H+,K+-ATPase beta-subunit. Transgenic mice expressing a version of this protein in which the signal has been disabled show constitutively active renal K resorption. The identities of the H+,K+-ATPase isoforms that are normally subject to endocytic regulation and the nature of the participating epithelial cell machinery have yet to be established.
Animals↗
Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of taxoids with novel beta-amino acid side chains.
Beta-Amino acids have been recognized as an important class of compounds in the design and synthesis of potential pharmaceutical drugs and also for the study of enzymatic reaction mechanisms. Among the beta-amino acid family, isoserines (alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino acids) are probably the most important members because many of them are potent enzyme inhibitors and they also serve as essential building blocks for biologically and medicinally important molecules such as Taxol. Taxol (paclitaxel) and Taxotère (docetaxel) are currently considered to be the most important drugs in cancer chemotherapy. This review describes recent advances in the chemistry of isoserines and taxoid anticancer agents at the biomedical interface including (i) the development of highly efficient method for the synthesis of isoserine side chains of taxoids and (ii) the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of taxoids featuring discovery and development of the "second generation" taxoid anticancer agents that possess exceptional activities against drug-resistant cancer cells.
Alkaloids↗
Ratio of remnant-like particle-cholesterol to serum total triglycerides is an effective alternative to ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic methods in the diagnosis of familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
BACKGROUND: Familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is characterized by the presence of beta-migrating VLDL (beta-VLDL) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Assessment of plasma beta-VLDL is achieved by measuring the ratio of VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) to total plasma triglycerides (TGs) or by detecting beta-VLDL in total VLDL. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical utility of the ratio of remnant-like particle-cholesterol (RLP-C) to total TGs with that of the current methods for diagnosing type III HLP. METHODS: Detection of beta-VLDL by electrophoresis of VLDL was used to define type III HLP. Twenty-eight patients with type III HLP and 43 subjects lacking beta-VLDL were investigated. Fasting TG concentrations were >2.26 mmol/L in all subjects. Subjects were separated into three groups: group 1, serum total cholesterol </=5.18 mmol/L (n = 11); group 2, total cholesterol >5.18 mmol/L and TGs between 2.26 and 9.04 mmol/L (n = 51); and group 3, TGs >9.04 mmol/L (n = 9). RESULTS: In group 2, a RLP-C-to-total TG molar ratio >/=0.23 (>/=0.10 when using mg/dL) and a VLDL-C-to-total TG molar ratio >/=0.69 (>/=0.30 when using mg/dL) correctly classified 94% and 90% of the subjects, respectively. The utility of the RLP-C-to-total TG ratio in diagnosing type III HLP decreased in patients in the other two groups. CONCLUSION: When used in an appropriate target population, the RLP-C-to-total TG ratio is a convenient and effective alternative to ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic methods for diagnosing type III HLP.
Apolipoproteins↗
A multiple electrospray interface for parallel mass spectrometric analyses of compound libraries.
A parallel spray interface for mass spectrometry is described. This new electrospray interface enables effluent flow streams from an array of HPLC columns to be sampled independently and sequentially on a chromatographic time-scale. Unlike our previously reported parallel LC-MS interface, which incorporated a dual-sheath spray interface accommodating up to four flow streams that are sampled simultaneously, this new interface permits up to four columns to be sampled sequentially by means of a stepping motor and rotating plate assembly. Effluent flow streams from an array of four HPLC columns are connected to a parallel arrangement of electrospray needles co-axial to the mass spectrometer entrance aperture. Within the needle assembly, the individual spray tips are oriented in a circular array, where each needle is situated 90 degrees relative to one another for four-column operation. An eight-column system is described with needles spaced at 45 degree intervals. In between the needle assembly and the mass spectrometer entrance aperture is a Teflon disk with a through-hole that is mounted to a stepping motor assembly. By precisely controlling the stepping of the motor assembly, it is possible to sample each of the spray positions multiple times per second. By operating the quadrupole mass spectrometer in the single ion monitoring (SIM) mode, it was possible to acquire data at each of the spray positions during the course of the elution of compounds from the HPLC column array while maintaining both good sensitivity and peak shape. Preliminary results suggest this technique will be useful for high throughput combinatorial library analysis and profiling.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Peritoneal fluid kinetics: comparison between polyglucose solution and albumin solution.
Polyglucose (PG) solution has been shown to be capable of inducing peritoneal ultrafiltration despite its hypo-osmolality. However, the mechanism of osmosis by PG is not clear. In this study, we compared the fluid kinetics of albumin (ALB) solution (thought to be an ideal solution that should induce ultrafiltration through colloid osmosis) and PG solution. A 4-hour dwell study with frequent sampling was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats (six rats in each group). The study used 25 mL of dialysate buffer, 10% ALB dialysis solution, 15% ALB dialysis solution, 20% ALB dialysis solution, or 7.5% PG solution, with 131I albumin as an intraperitoneal volume marker. All solutions were prepared by adding ALB or PG to a base dialysis solution (without osmotic agent). The initial osmolality values of the five solutions were 250 mOsm/kg, 284 mOsm/kg, 300 mOsm/kg, 320 mOsm/kg, and 280 mOsm/kg, and the dialysate drainage volumes at 4 hours were 17.0 +/- 0.8 mL, 22.4 +/- 0.8 mL, 25.4 +/- 0.6 mL, 27.3 +/- 0.9 mL, and 26.3 +/- 0.6 mL (buffer, 10% ALB, 15% ALB, 20% ALB, and 7.5% PG groups, respectively). The higher initial osmolality in the ALB groups was partially due to the sodium content in the ALB powder. The intraperitoneal volume was decreasing in the 10% ALB group, rather stable in the 15% ALB group, but slowly increasing in the 20% ALB group. In the PG group, intraperitoneal volume decreased initially and then started to increase after 2 hours. This pattern was closely related to the increase in the dialysate osmolality (to higher than plasma level). At 4 hours, the dialysate osmolality was significantly higher (and higher than plasma level) in the PG group as compared to all the ALB groups. No differences in peritoneal fluid absorption rate were observed among the four treatment groups. In the 15% ALB and 20% ALB groups, the transcapillary ultrafiltration rate (Qu) was lower in the later part of the dwell than in the initial part of the dwell; in the PG group, the opposite pattern was observed. Our results suggest that the osmosis of albumin dialysis solution is different from the osmosis of polyglucose solution. Polyglucose solution induces net ultrafiltration only when the dialysate osmolality increase to higher than plasma level, suggesting that degradation of polyglucose may be important for effective ultrafiltration.
Albumins↗
Vasodilatation by intraperitoneal addition of nitroprusside is not a model for high peritoneal transport.
It has been suggested that the peritoneal capillary is the major determinant for peritoneal fluid transport and that an increase in the number of peritoneal capillaries may be the reason for an increased peritoneal transport rate. In this study, we investigated the impact on peritoneal fluid and solute transport of vasodilatation (which may increase the number of perfused capillaries) by intraperitoneal addition of nitroprusside. A 4-hour dwell was performed in four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (4-8 rats in each group) with 131I albumin as an intraperitoneal volume marker. Nitroprusside at concentrations of 0% (control), 0.0005%, 0.001%, and 0.002% was added to the 3.86% glucose solution before intraperitoneal infusion. Net ultrafiltration (NUF) was 13.2 +/- 0.6 mL, 14.5 +/- 0.7 mL, 13.4 +/- 0.9 mL, and 6.3 +/- 2.0 mL for the control group and the 0.0005%, 0.001%, and 0.002% nitroprusside groups, respectively. No significant differences in peritoneal fluid absorption rate (KE) were observed among the four groups. The intraperitoneal volume, transcapillary ultrafiltration rate (Qu), and peritoneal small-solute transport rate (glucose and urea) as assessed by diffusive mass transfer coefficient were significantly higher or tended to be higher in the 0.0005% nitroprusside group as compared to control. However, with further increase in the dose of nitroprusside, these parameters started to decrease as compared to the 0.0005% nitroprusside group, and NUF was significantly lower in the 0.002% nitroprusside group, conceivably suggesting a reduction in blood flow owing to the systemic effects of nitroprusside. Our study showed that: (1) a low dose of nitroprusside increased the peritoneal small-solute transport rate, but did not decrease peritoneal transcapillary ultrafiltration rate; (2) although a high dose of nitroprusside decreased peritoneal fluid removal, the decrease was not due to an increased small-solute transport rate, but more likely to a significant drop in peritoneal blood flow; (3) vasodilatation by nitroprusside did not change peritoneal fluid absorption rate. Overall, vasodilatation does not seem to produce a pattern of peritoneal fluid kinetics similar to that seen in high transporters, who have a higher peritoneal transport rate, lower transcapillary ultrafiltration rate, and higher peritoneal fluid absorption rate.
Animals↗
[Long-term evolution of C-terminal of HCV NS3 protein containing the predicted CTL epitopes in two HCV patients].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the Long-term evolution of NS3 C-terminal protein containing the predicted CTL epitopes. METHODS: The HLA typing was determined serologically in two chronic HCV patients. Based on this, the HLA restricted CTL epitopes were predicted by HLA binding motif. Sera samples were amplified by PCR, HCV was sequenced and translated into proteins. The changes of predicted CTL epitopes were analysed. RESULTS: No obvious change was observed in predicted CTL epitopes in two chronic HCV patients during 5 and 3 years. CONCLUSION: It demonstrated that the C-terminal of HCV NS3 protein containing the predicted CTL epitopes may have no relationship with HCV persistence.
Adult↗
The nerve-root-type cervical spondylopathy treated by massotherapy with an observation of microcirculation in the affected limb.
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Cervical Vertebrae↗
[Effects of acute mild and moderate hypoxia on human short memory].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of acute mild and moderate hypoxia on human short memory. METHOD: Tests of pattern memory, scanning memory, continuous recognition memory and space memory were conducted on 18 healthy young male subjects during exposure to 300 m (control), 2800 m, 3600 m and 4400 m altitude in hypobaric chamber. RESULT: Compared to control group, only the performance of continous recognition memory decreased significantly after exposure to 2800 in for 1 h(P < 0. 05); total reaction time in all tests increased significantly (P < 0.0 1) and performance decreased after exposure to 3600 in for 1 h, but the error rates in memory scanning and space memory test were unchanged (P > 0.05); during exposure to 4400 in performance of all tests decreased further to about 90.4%, 93.7%, 83.3% and 80.7% of the control values (P < 0.01), respectively,and error rate increased significantly too (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Performance of human short memory decreased after exposure to acute mild and moderate hypoxia for 1 h, and these effects were aggravated with the increase of altitude. Characteristic and threshold of the effect on the various performance tests were different, but increase of reaction time was the first to appear in all cases.
Aerospace Medicine↗
[Changes of blood circulation, muscle and skeletal systems in 30 d tail-suspended [correction of tail-suspented] rats].
OBJECTIVE: To confirm the tail-suspended rat model for the study of countermeasures against weightlessness. METHOD: The changes of blood circulation, muscle and skeletal systems in control group rats (n = 15) and 30 d tail-suspended rats (n = 15) were compared. RESULT: Compared with the control group, the hemorrheology and erythrocyte deformability decreased significantly, muscle-fiber atrophy, muscle contraction function decreased, the type I muscle fibers transformed to the type II muscle fibers, bone-mineral content of L3 and load capacity of femur declined, bone metabolism changed in the suspended rats. CONCLUSION: The tail-suspended rat is a suitable animal model for the study of countermeasures against weightlessness.
Animals↗
Ultrasound biomicroscopic study on changes of ocular anterior segment structure after topical application of cycloplegia.
OBJECTIVES: To observe the changes of the ocular anterior segment structure and the relationship between the intraocular pressure (IOP) and these changes after the topical application of cycloplegia using ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM), especially to observe the changes of ciliary body thickness, ciliary process thickness and ciliary process-lens distance. METHODS: The quantitative measurement with UBM and the measurement of IOP were performed before and after the topical application of 2% homatropine solution in 48 normal eyes. The results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the parameters showing the changes of the anterior chamber angle after topical use of 2% homatropine solution, both the trabecular iris angle and the angle opening distance 250 decreased. The iris thickness 1 increased. The anterior chamber became deeper and the iris-lens contact distance became shorter. All these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the parameters showing the changes of ciliary body, the ciliary body thickness and the ciliary process thickness decreased. The scleral ciliary body angle increased. The iris-zonule distance decreased and the ciliary process-lens distance increased. All these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The IOP increased from 17.63 +/- 3.45 mm Hg to 18.23 +/- 3.53 mm Hg after topical use of 2% homatropine solution, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After the topical use of cycloplegia, the anterior chamber becomes deeper. The anterior chamber angle becomes narrower, and the ciliary body becomes thinner and moves backward and the ciliary process-lens distance increases. By using UBM the structures of the ocular anterior segment in the living state can be observed and measured quantitatively. The ultrasound biomicroscopic imaging has its advantages in the morphological study of the ocular anterior segment.
Adult↗
[Effect of noise on human mental performance].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of moderate noise on human thinking performance. METHODS: During 2 h of exposure to 85, 90 dB(A), successive calculation, successive subtraction and determining figures according symbol were performed in 24 healthy young male subjects. RESULTS: After l h exposure to noise of 85 dB(A), there were no significant changes in the accurate rate, correct number and total number of successive calculation, but the correct number and total number of successive subtraction decreased significantly as compared with control (P< 0.05). At 30 and 120 min exposure to noise of 90 dB(A), the mean reaction time prolonged, performance of reaction time decrease significantly (P<0.01) in the test of determining figures according symbol as compared with control; its total performance had a tendency of decrease, but was not significant. When the subjects were divided into two group according to their E score of EPQ, significantly different performance of accurate rate and different total performance were demonstrated in the test of determining figures according to symbol at 2 h of exposure under 90 dB(A) noise. The performance of extrovert was higher than that of introvert. CONCLUSION: Moderate noise could affect performance of complex tasks with a higher workload and it had certain relationship with the personality of the subjects.
Adolescent↗
[Application and comparison of meta and pooled analyses in the study of cancer epidemiology].
OBJECTIVE: To introduce two comprehensive methods of analysis, Meta and pooled, frequently used in cancer epidemiology, and to compare them with authentic examples. METHODS: From data of a multicenter case-control study of lung cancer risk factors among non-smoking females, "family history of lung cancer" and "smoking history of parents" were the two variables selected for analysis. Based on the data from individual centers, Meta and pooled methods were employed to perform comprehensive analysis and the results compared. In the former, both fixed and random effect models were considered. RESULTS: When the data from individual study centers were analyzed, odds ratios (OR) differed. The OR of variable "family history of lung history" was statistically significant in Shanghai, while that of variable "smoking history of parents" was statistically significant in Harbin. Given the fixed effect model, the results of analysis were identical under different conditions of analysis (non-adjusted, adjusted with Mantel-Haenszel methods and multivariate logistic analysis). The results were similar when random effect model was used. In case the fixed effect model was not valid and there were some differences obtained by the two methods, combined parameters calculated from random effect model would be used. Stratified logistic model seemed better than basic logistic model in the pooled analysis. CONCLUSION: The results from Meta and pooled comprehensive analyses are essentially consistent.
Female↗
[Experimental study on effect of yishen shengxue tablet in treating aplastic anemia].
OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of Yishen Shengxue Tablet (YSSXT) in treating aplastic anemia. METHODS: Observing the effect of YSSXT on hematopoietic, immunologic, anti-infection and body resistance of model mice of aplastic anemia. RESULTS: YSSXT had marked effect of promotion on recovering myleran injury induced reduction of colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-S), colony forming unit-culture (CFU-C), colony forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E), markedly promoting the peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of normal mice, also markedly lower the mortality of Staphylococcus aureus inoculated mice, and elevate the anoxia resistant ability under normal pressure of anoxic mice, prolonging their survival time. CONCLUSION: Using YSSXT to treat aplastic anemia that the effectiveness might be realized through promoting the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow, enhancing the non-specific immunity, and the anti-infection as well as body resistance.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
[Clinical application of esophageal manometry and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical application of esophageal manometry and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. METHODS: From 1990 to 1996, ambulatory esophageal manometry and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring were performed on 101 patients with different functional esophageal diseases, including Barrett's esophagus 54 patients non-cardiac chest pain (10) and post-cholecystectomy (37). Esophageal motility studies were made to compare the effects of different anti-reflux therapies, to identify primary esophageal motility disorders, to assess the effect of anti-acid drugs, and to study the relationship between esophageal motility disorder and other non-esophageal origin disease. RESULTS: In this study, anti-reflux surgery was better than medical therapy in controlling gastroesophageal reflux (GER) for Barrett's esophagus. Esophageal manometry was the best method for detecting primary esophageal motility disease. Omeprazole was superior to cimetidine in terms of control of GER and reduction of gastric acidity. Cholecystectomy resulted in GER and many symptoms after surgery appeared to have an esophageal origin. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal manometry and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring are the most sensitive and specialized methods for detecting esophageal motility disorders. They are superior to other routine diagnostic methods such as radiology and endoscopy.
Antacids↗
[A pathological study on the correlation of HPV infection with precancerous cervical lesions].
OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of cervical condyloma and cancerous lesions with HPV infection. METHODS: Cervical biopsies and histopathological examinations were performed on 179 cases which had abnormal cervical cytological smears. PCR was used to study the HPV-DNA of 128 cases and in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to study 10 cases. RESULTS: 1. Morphologic observations. Most cervical condyloma cases were of the morphologically flat type (97.7%). Two koilocyte types were observed, the classical, or so called diagnostic koilocyte type (39.7%) and the atypical type (60.3%). Cervical condyloma often occurred together with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, 42.5%). 2. PCR HPV DNA subtype analysis. Of the 58 cervical flat condyloma, 5 were PHV6/11 positive (8.6%) and 28 were HPV16/18 positive (48.3%). 86.1% of those with atypical koilocyte and 9.1% of those with diagnostic koilocyte had HPV16/18 infection. 66.7% of the lesions in which condyloma coexisted with CIN(2-3) had HPV16/18 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Most cervical condyloma lesions were of the flat type. The appearance of atypical koilocyte is correlated to HPV16/18 infection, which in turn is correlated to the degree of CIN malignancy.
Adult↗
[Effect of cerous nitrate on the activity of ATPase in tissues].
The effect of cerous nitrate on the activity of some ion-dependent ATPase such as Ca(2+)-ATPase, K+, Na(+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase was studied in vivo. The results showed that Ca(2+)-ATPase, K+, Na(+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase activity was increased in rat liver, kidney and heart after recurrent intraperitoneal administration of low dose of cerous nitrate(1 mg/kg), but no changes happened for these enzymes activity after high cerous nitrate administration(50 mg/kg). The mechanism of the phenomena was discussed.
Animals↗