Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

T Vesikari

Publications and source records attributed to T Vesikari.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Improved immunogenicity of oral D x RRV reassortant rotavirus vaccine by Lactobacillus casei GG.

In a search for new strategies to improve oral vaccination, the effect of orally administered Lactobacillus casei strain GG (LGG) in conjunction with D x RRV rhesus-human reassortant live oral rotavirus vaccine was tested in 2-5-month-old infants. Infants who received LGG showed an increased response with regard to rotavirus-specific IgM secreting cells, measured using an ELISPOT technique, on day 8 after vaccination. In infants receiving LGG or placebo, respectively, a rotavirus IgM seroconversion was detected in 26/27 (96%), versus 23/27 (85%) cases (p = 0.15) and rotavirus IgA seroconversion was detected in 26/28 (93%) versus 20/27 (74%) cases (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that LGG has an immunostimulating effect on oral rotavirus vaccination. The clinical significance of LGG-enhanced immune responses to oral vaccines should be further evaluated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis.

We compared different lactic acid bacteria for their effect on the immune response to rotavirus in children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. After initial oral rehydration, 49 children aged 6 to 35 months with rotavirus gastroenteritis randomly received either Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei strain GG (LGG), L. casei subsp. rhamnosus (Lactophilus), or a combination of Streptococcus thermophilus and L. delbrückii subsp. bulgaricus (Yalacta) twice daily for 5 days. Serum antibodies to rotavirus, total number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC), and specific antibody-secreting cells (sASC) to rotavirus were measured at the acute stage and at convalescence. The mean (SD) duration of diarrhea was 1.8 (0.8) days in children who received LGG, 2.8 (1.2) days in those receiving Lactophilus, and 2.6 (1.4) days in those receiving Yalacta (F = 3.3, p = 0.04). The ISC response was comparable in the three study groups, but the rotavirus-specific immune responses were different. LGG therapy was associated with an enhancement of IgA sASC to rotavirus and serum IgA antibody level at convalescent stage. We conclude that certain strains of lactic acid bacteria, particularly LGG, promote serum and intestinal immune responses to rotavirus, and thus may be important in establishing immunity against rotavirus reinfections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Viable versus inactivated lactobacillus strain GG in acute rotavirus diarrhoea.

The effect of viable or heat inactivated human Lactobacillus casei strain GG on rotavirus immune responses in patients with rotavirus diarrhoea was assessed. Rotavirus serum IgA enzyme immunoassay antibody responses were higher in infants treated with viable L casei strain GG than in those treated with inactivated L casei strain GG. There was a significant difference at convalescence with rotavirus specific IgA secreting cells found in 10/12 infants receiving viable but only 2/13 infants receiving inactivated L casei strain GG. The results indicate that viable L casei strain GG stimulate rotavirus specific IgA antibody responses, theoretically significant in the prevention of reinfections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Detection of Norwalk virus or Norwalk-like virus infections in Finnish infants and young children.

Norwalk virus (NV) and Norwalk-like viruses are important causes of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in older children and adults. Serologic responses to NV of 154 Finnish infants and young children participating in a rotavirus vaccine study were examined by ELISA with a recently available baculovirus-expressed recombinant NV capsid protein. In 4 serially collected sera (at the median ages of 3, 4, 14, and 23 months), 49% of children had at least one NV infection over the approximately 2-year study period. Children with low NV-specific IgG titers (< 1:50) at the median age of 4 or 14 months were significantly more likely to acquire an NV infection by the median age of 14 or 23 months, respectively, than children who had higher NV IgG titers (> 1:50) (P < .05). Thus, NV or Norwalk-like virus infections are more common in infants and young children than previously believed, and antibody to NV may be protective against such infections.

Caliciviridae Infections↗
PubMed1994

Vaccination of Thai infants with rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent oral rotavirus vaccine.

In a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study, the rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent oral rotavirus vaccine (dose 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units) was evaluated in Thai infants immunized at ages 2, 4 and 6 months. To investigate dose responses and to compare vaccine-induced and naturally acquired rotavirus immunity in the study population blood specimens were collected before and 1 month after each vaccination and at 12 months of age. No adverse reactions attributable to the vaccine were detected in the vaccinees. Sixty-three of 94 (67%) vaccine recipients showed a seroconversion in rotavirus IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies after one or more doses, whereas only 15 of 93 (16%) placebo-vaccinated control children showed an IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody response, suggestive of natural rotavirus infection, between 2 and 7 months of age. By measuring rhesus rotavirus-neutralizing antibodies a seroconversion was detected in 49% of the vaccinees and 14% of the controls between 2 and 7 months of age. The geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies to human rotavirus serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 after the completion of vaccinations and at 12 months of age were higher in the vaccinees than in the controls. It is concluded that, even though maternally acquired rotavirus antibodies are commonly present, the rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent vaccine is immunogenic in many Thai infants ages 2 to 6 months. The immunogenicity of this vaccine is enhanced by multiple doses.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Low mumps antibody levels induced by mumps-measles-rubella vaccinations in type 1 diabetic children.

Mumps-measles-rubella vaccination-induced antibody responses were studied in Type 1 diabetic children to find out the possible aberrations in mumps antibody responsiveness previously seen after natural mumps in Type 1 diabetic children. Mumps, measles, and rubella virus antibodies were studied in 364 newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic subjects, their 240 non-diabetic siblings and 59 age- and sex-matched, unrelated, non-diabetic control subjects who all had received mumps-measles-rubella vaccine but had not had the respective infections. Sera were collected from all children at the time of the diagnosis of diabetes in the index case which was on average 2.5 years after the mumps-measles-rubella vaccination. The levels of IgG class mumps virus antibodies were lower in diabetic patients than in their non-diabetic siblings (p < 0.0005). This difference was most pronounced in males as male patients had significantly lower IgG mumps antibody levels than female patients. Rubella and measles IgG antibodies did not differ between patients and control subjects. The results are in accordance with previous studies suggesting a selective decrease in mumps antibody levels in Type 1 diabetic children. As the exposure to mumps virus had been exactly the same in all study groups, low mumps antibodies in diabetic children suggest decreased responsiveness rather than different number of past infections in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Randomised double blind trial of hypotonic oral rehydration solutions with and without citrate.

Hypotonic oral rehydration salts solutions (ORS) have been proved to be better than isotonic solutions with respect to water absorption. To establish whether a base precursor is essential in the composition of a hypotonic ORS with improved absorption properties, a randomised double blind clinical trial was conducted comparing two formulas of hypotonic ORS, each with an osmolality of 224 mmol/l, with or without citrate, in a group of 107 children admitted to hospital with acute diarrhoea. The two solutions were effective in the correction of dehydration and there was no difference between the treatments in the duration of diarrhoea. The patients receiving the hypotonic ORS with citrate consumed less of the solution, however, and their metabolic acidosis was corrected earlier. It is concluded that citrate is clinically advantageous in a hypotonic ORS, but a hypotonic formula without a base precursor is also effective.

Citrates↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (EIPV) versus standard oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in Thai infants.

Enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (EIPV), combined with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, was compared with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) regarding immunogenicity in Thai infants, vaccinated at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. EIPV induced significantly higher seroconversion rates than OPV to all 3 poliovirus types after the second and third immunization. After 3 doses of each vaccine, at 7 months of age, all infants receiving EIPV proved seropositive for poliovirus type 1, type 2 and type 3 neutralizing antibodies, whereas of those receiving OPV, 9% remained seronegative (titre < 1:4) for type 1 (p = 0.0042) and 11% for type 3 (p = 0.0013). All participating children were given an additional dose of OPV at the age of 9 months and tested again at 12 months of age. At that point, virtually all infants had poliovirus neutralizing antibodies, but the geometric mean titres to each poliovirus type were significantly higher in the vaccinees who had received EIPV. It is concluded that the greater immunogenicity of EIPV vis-à-vis 3 doses of OPV may be biologically significant for protection against poliovirus types 1 and 3 in countries where cases of poliomyelitis occur in young children. These findings warrant considering EIPV, alone or in combination with OPV, for an immunization programme in Thailand and similar countries in the future.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1993

Decline of mumps antibodies in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children and a plateau in the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes after introduction of the mumps-measles-rubella vaccine in Finland. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group.

A nationwide mumps-measles-rubella vaccination was introduced in 1982 in Finland to children aged 1.5 to 6 years and since then mumps has virtually disappeared in the country. We investigated whether this rapid epidemiological change had any impact on antibody activity against mumps virus in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children or on the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland. Two case-control series were collected before (series I and II) and three series after (series III-V) the introduction of the vaccination. IgA class mumps antibody levels were significantly higher in Type 1 diabetic children than in matched control children in the first two but not in the three later series. IgG class antibody levels were similar in patients and control subjects in the first two series but significantly lower in patients than in control subjects in the three later series. The overall incidence of Type 1 diabetes in 0-14-year-old children increased until 1987 but remained about the same during 1988-1990. In 5-9-year-old children no further increase in Type 1 diabetes was seen since 1985, whereas in 0-4-year-old children the incidence continued to rise until 1990. The results suggest that the elimination of natural mumps by mumps-measles-rubella vaccination may have decreased the risk for Type 1 diabetes in Finland; a possible causal relationship is substantiated by the observed concomitant decrease in mumps antibody levels in diabetic children. However, further studies are required to determine if the vaccine virus, like natural mumps, could trigger the clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes in young children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Clinical trials of live oral rotavirus vaccines: the Finnish experience.

Live oral candidate rotavirus vaccines of bovine (RIT 4237) or rhesus (RRV-1) origin and reassortants of RRV-1 expressing human serotype 1 (DxRRV) or serotype 2 (DS1xRRV) VP7 protein were evaluated for clinical efficacy in young children in successive trials from 1983 to 1989. In each study, the vaccinations were given before a rotavirus epidemic season and the follow-up of vaccinees covered two rotavirus epidemic seasons lasting up to 2-3 years of age. Serotype 1 rotavirus was predominant in each season. Protection rates against all rotavirus-associated diarrhoea ranged from 0 to 67% but were higher, up to 100%, against more severe rotavirus disease. All tested vaccines also showed efficacy for diarrhoea not apparently associated with rotavirus; therefore the clinical benefit of the vaccinations was greater than could be deduced from efficacy rates for rotavirus-associated diarrhoea alone. Each of the candidate vaccines could significantly reduce severe diarrhoea in Finnish children in the first 2 to 3 years of life. For optimal efficacy, the vaccines should be administered in the autumn before the regular epidemic season of rotavirus.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Clinical experience with a hypotonic oral rehydration solution in acute diarrhoea.

A hypotonic oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution with total osmolality of 224 mosmol/l was compared in an open clinical trial with an isotonic (osmolality 304 mosmol/l) ORS solution for the treatment of dehydration due to acute diarrhoea. Both ORS solutions had the same electrolyte composition with a Na+ concentration of 60 mmol/l. Children given the hypotonic ORS solution (n = 103) passed significantly fewer diarrhoeal stools, and their diarrhoea and hospital stay were shorter than those of children given the isotonic ORS solution (n = 135). We conclude that hypotonic ORS ("light" ORS) has clinical advantages over the standard ORS currently used in Finland.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Take of rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed infants.

Rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine at a titer of 4 x 10(4) plaque forming units was evaluated for immunogenicity in 194 6-8-week-old breast-fed Turkish infants. The vaccine was administered orally as a single dose following either a meal of breast milk or 30 ml of sodium bicarbonate-buffered soy milk formula. Four-fold or greater responses in rotavirus IgA ELISA antibody were detected in 62% and 65% of the infants in the two groups, respectively (p = 0.62). In a smaller comparison group of non-breast-fed infants, an IgA response was detected in 7 of 11 (64%) cases. In all vaccinees, a serological response was detected in 72% of the initially seronegative and 47% of the initially seropositive infants (p = 0.001). We conclude that the take of rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed infants is not compromised by breast feeding before vaccination. However, a higher titered preparation of the same vaccine may be required to improve overall immunogenicity in young infants, particularly in those with pre-vaccination rotavirus antibody.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity.

Rhesus-human rotavirus (RV) reassortant vaccine strains D x RRV or DS 1 x RRV with VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity were evaluated for safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a double blind placebo-controlled three cell trial involving 359 infants ages 2 to 5 months. The titer of the D x RRV vaccine was 10(4) and that of the DS 1 x RRV vaccine was 10(5) plaque-forming units/1-ml dose. The vaccines were acceptably reactogenic, each inducing a transient febrile response in fewer than one-third of the vaccinees. Seroconversion by RV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgA antibody was detected in 61 and 75% of the vaccinees receiving a single dose of the serotype 1 or 2 reassortant vaccine, respectively. Efficacy against RV diarrhea was evaluated in two successive epidemic seasons; RV serotype 1 was prevalent in both. Clinical efficacy was observed with both vaccines and was associated with seroconversion after vaccination; considering only such vaccinees both vaccines showed equal efficacy. The overall rates of protection for the two vaccines combined against clinical RV disease in children with seroconversion after vaccination were 92 and 59% in the first and second RV epidemic seasons, respectively. Protection against asymptomatic RV infection, as measured by serologic responses, was 59% in the first season and nil in the second season. It is concluded that each of the reassortant RV vaccines was effective in inducing protection against symptomatic RV disease associated with RV serotype 1.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Safety and immunogenicity of oral tetravalent human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine in neonates.

We conducted a prospective randomized double blind study to determine: (1) the safety and immunogenicity of live oral tetravalent human-rhesus rotavirus reassortant vaccine in neonates; and (2) whether a second dose at the age of 6 to 8 weeks enhances the immunogenicity. Two hundred forty healthy neonates were enrolled and received vaccine (183) or placebo (57) on the second day of life. At the age of 6 to 8 weeks 133 received placebo and 88 received a second dose of vaccine. Medical events were noted within 10 days from vaccine administration in 6 of 183 (3.3%) vaccine recipients vs. 0 of 57 placebo recipients (P = 0.34) after the first dose and in 8 of 88 (9%) vs. 4 of 133 (3%) after the second dose (P = 0.069); none was severe and all were of short duration. Seroresponse of any type (detectable IgA or 4-fold increase of titer to rhesus rotavirus was 9% for the placebo, vs. 52 and 46% for those who received one and two doses of vaccine, respectively. However, neutralizing antibodies against human serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were not raised successfully in vaccinated infants when compared with placebo recipients. The same pattern was found when geometric mean titers were compared. Vaccine take was better when cord blood titers were low. At the age of 1 year the vaccinees had more often high titers for antirhesus rotavirus antibodies (> 640) than the placebo recipients (49% vs. 0%; P < 0.001). NO difference was found between the groups in neutralizing antibodies to human serotypes 1, 2 and 3 rotavirus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗