Philosophical speculations and theories regarding the flow of blood through the lungs are reviewed from an historical standpoint. Michael Servetus (1511-1553) described the pulmonary circulation in his book 'Christianismi Restitutio', published in 1553. From manuscripts that were rediscovered and translated in 1924 we now know that Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288) of Damascus had made the same observations three centuries earlier.

Greece↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular primordium of the rat embryo following in utero exposure to alcohol and caffeine.

The influence of alcohol and caffeine on cardiac embryogenesis was investigated in the rat. No disturbances were detected in the yolk sac circulatory system and allantois of embryos exposed to ethanol, but in several cases the cardiac tube was delayed in its development. Caffeine had no gross morphological effect on the developing cardiovascular system. However, cardiac morphogenesis was significantly impaired in embryos recovered from mothers treated with both ethanol and caffeine.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗