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T Uete

Publications and source records attributed to T Uete.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating effective administrative dose of cefoperazone. Evaluation of disc susceptibility test and its interpretation system].

To interpret of the cefoperazone (CPZ) disc susceptibility test, a 4 category system is used in Japan, but a 3 category system is used in the U.S.A. and Europe. In the 4 category interpretation system of Showa CPZ disc the following classification is used: ( ) MIC less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml, (++) MIC greater than 3 approximately 15 micrograms/ml, (+) MIC greater than 15 approximately 60 micrograms/ml, (-) MIC greater than 60 micrograms/ml. In the 3 category system the classification used is as follows: susceptible MIC less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml, moderately susceptible MIC greater than 16 approximately 32 micrograms/ml, resistant MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml, or susceptible MIC less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml, moderately susceptible MIC greater than 32 approximately 64 micrograms/ml, resistant MIC greater than 64 micrograms/ml, depending on dose levels, 1 or 2 g. Reliability of the CPZ disc susceptibility test in estimating approximate MICs by classifying the test results into 4 categories was studied using discs containing 1, 2, 5, 10, 30 and 75 micrograms. The MICs were determined using the agar dilution method at an inoculum level of 10(6) CFU/ml. A good negative correlation was observed between inhibitory zone diameters and MICs, showing reliability of the test using these discs. The results obtained with discs containing 30 or 75 micrograms of CPZ were well categorized into the 4 groups mentioned above. Some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, however, showed false positive results. When different break points of inhibitory zone diameters than those used for other bacteria were used for P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis was excluded from the test, an excellent correlations were obtained. With 30 or 75 micrograms discs, it was unable to subclassify strains against which MICs of CPZ were below 3 micrograms/ml. However, with discs containing 1 to 10 micrograms, it was possible to separate the strains against which MICs were less than 0.5 microgram/ml. The fact that most frequent values of MICs of CPZ against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes etc. were less than 0.5 microgram/ml supports the usefulness of low dose discs. According to recently ongoing concepts on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics and their penetration into tissues and inflammatory fluids, serum protein binding appear to be one of the important determinants of drug distribution in the body. Only free, unbound drug molecules can readily pass through capillary pores into tissue fluids except into hepatic biliary system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cefoperazone↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating effective administrative dose of sulbactam/cefoperazone].

Sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) is a preparation containing CPZ and SBT, an inhibitor of beta-lactamases, at the ratio 1:1. The reliability of the SBT/CPZ disc susceptibility test in estimating approximate values of MICs and the utilization of the test in the evaluation of proper administrative doses were studied using 365 strains of clinical isolates. The antimicrobial activity of SBT/CPZ was stronger than that of CPZ alone. This increase in the antimicrobial activity due to the addition of SBT was well observed in the disc diffusion susceptibility test and MIC values. The MIC80 of SBT/CPZ against Staphylococcus aureus was 12.5 micrograms/ml, while that of CPZ alone was 50 micrograms/ml. MIC80s of SBT/CPZ against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes were smaller than those of CPZ, and were 0.20, 12.5, 25 and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively. However, MIC80s of SBT/CPZ against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris were not changed compared to those of CPZ alone, and MIC80s were 6.25, 0.20, 0.78, and 0.78 micrograms/ml, respectively. The reliability of the SBT/CPZ disc diffusion susceptibility test in the quantitative estimation of antimicrobial activities was well demonstrated using commercialized 8 mm diameter discs (Showa) and 6 mm diameter discs prepared in this laboratory, both of which contained 30 micrograms of CPZ and 30 micrograms of SBT. These disc susceptibility test results were well correlated with MICs, hence the SBT/CPZ disc susceptibility test should be useful for the estimation of approximate MIC values. To interpret results of the Showa SBT/CPZ disc test, the following 4 category classification was used: (¿) MIC less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml, (¿ 3 micrograms/ml less than MIC less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml, (¿15 micrograms/ml less than MIC less than or equal to 60 micrograms/ml, (-) MIC greater than 60 micrograms/ml. In both 6 and 8 mm diameter disc tests, when uniform break points of inhibitory zone diameter were similarly applied to all strains isolated clinically, some strains of S. aureus, E. faecalis, and P. aeruginosa, brought false positive (susceptible) results showing slightly greater inhibitory zone diameters compared to MICs. However, if different break points against P. aeruginosa as indicated in this study were applied and E. faecalis was excluded from the test, excellent results were obtained in the quantitative estimation of MICs. Antimicrobial activities of antibiotic agents have been reported to be reduced by serum protein binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical laboratory approach in estimating the effective dosage of cefamandole].

Reliability of the cefamandole (CMD) disc susceptibility test in estimating approximate values of MICs was studied using various clinical isolates totaling 246 strains with Showa discs (8 mm diameter containing 30 micrograms of CMD). Clinical significance of a 4 category system for the interpretation of the CMD disc tests, which is normally used in Japan, was also evaluated to determine whether this system would be suitable or not for the evaluation of a proper dose of administration. The results obtained with the disc method were compared with MICs determined using the agar dilution method at an inoculum level of 10(6) CFU/ml. The results of the CMD disc susceptibility test were well correlated with MICs, showing the reliability of the disc method to estimate approximate values of MICs. Break points in MIC values proposed for the classification of bacteria into 4 categories of susceptibility are () MIC less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml, (++) MIC greater than 3-15 micrograms/ml, (+) MIC greater than 15-60 micrograms/ml, (-) MIC greater than 60 micrograms/ml. Only 4 (1.6%) out the 246 strains tested showed false positive results and 11 (4.5%) showed false negative results, showing the excellent reliability of this test. In this study, approximately 90% of strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis isolated from clinical materials randomly were inhibited by CMD at concentrations less than 3.13 micrograms/ml. Proteus vulgaris and Enterobacter aerogenes were sensitive to CMD at 67 and 69% of strains, respectively, at concentrations below 6.25 micrograms/ml. CMD was not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus faecalis. About 90% of Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited at dose levels smaller than 6.25 micrograms/ml and 70% of the strains at levels less than 3.13 micrograms/ml. Susceptibilities to 15 micrograms/ml CMD of highly methicillin-resistant strains (MIC greater than 30 micrograms/ml) of S. aureus were examined. Ten of 12 strains examined were found susceptible to CMD, but only 6 of the 12 to cefmetazole. Imipenem/cilastatin was effective to 5 of the 12 strains at levels lower than 3 micrograms/ml and to one at a level less than 15 micrograms/ml. Minocycline was effective against 11 strains at concentrations below 2 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1987

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating the effective administrative dose of latamoxef. Significance of a 4-category system interpretation of the latamoxef disc susceptibility test].

In vitro activities of latamoxef (LMOX) against 249 clinical isolates were determined using the agar dilution method at an inoculum level of 10(6) CFU/ml. LMOX was highly active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis (except 2 out of 30 strains) and Proteus vulgaris with MIC values below 3.13 micrograms/ml. It was also active against Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC80 of 1.56 micrograms/ml. LMOX was less active against Serratia marcescens, inhibiting about 43% of strains at a level of 6.25 micrograms/ml. It was also less active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, showing MIC80 of 12.5 and 50 micrograms/ml, respectively. LMOX was not active against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reliability of the LMOX disc diffusion susceptibility test for quantitative estimation of antimicrobial activities was also investigated using 8 mm diameter discs (Showa) and 6 mm diameter discs (Difco), both of which contained 30 micrograms/disc of LMOX. These disc susceptibility test results were well correlated with MICs, hence the LMOX disc susceptibility test should be useful for the estimation of proper dose levels of LMOX. For the interpretation of LMOX disc test results, if uniform break points of zone diameters were used to test all bacteria, inhibitory zone diameters of Showa discs used on Staphylococcus were relatively large compared to MICs determined, probably due to decarboxylation of LMOX sodium salt in the discs. However, those of Difco discs were not, because Difco discs use LMOX ammonium salt. Both discs also showed relatively large inhibitory zone diameters compared to MICs determined against P. aeruginosa. Using different break points from those used for other bacteria to interpret inhibition zones for Staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa, these disc susceptivility tests should be useful to estimate approximate MICs. A 3 category system for the interpretation of disc test results has been used in USA and Europe, but a 4 category system is generally used in Japan. The 3 category system uses break points to classify bacteria into 3 categories of susceptibility according to MIC values as follows: Resistant (R) MIC greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml, intermediate (I) MIC 16-32 micrograms/ml, and susceptible (S) MIC less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml. The 4 category system uses break points as follows: MIC less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml, MIC greater than 3-15 micrograms/ml, (+) MIC greater than 15-60 micrograms/ml, (-) MIC greater than 60 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1987

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating effective administrative dose of ceftizoxime. Observation from MIC and ceftizoxime disc susceptibility test].

In vitro activities of ceftizoxime (CZX) against 328 clinical isolates were determined using the agar dilution method at an inoculum level of 10(6) cfu/ml. CZX was highly active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris with MIC values below 0.20 microgram/ml. It was also active against Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC85 of 3.13 micrograms/ml. CZX was less active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, showing inhibitory activities against only 47 and 78% of these clinical isolates, respectively, at a dose level of 12.5 micrograms/ml. CZX was not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The reliability of CZX disc diffusion susceptibility tests for quantitative estimation of antimicrobial activities was also investigated using 8 mm diameter discs (Showa) and 6 mm diameter discs (Eiken), both of which contained 30 micrograms/disc of CZX. These disc susceptibility test results were well correlated with MICs, hence the CZX disc susceptibility test should be useful for the estimation of proper dose levels of CZX, except against P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis. For the interpretation of CZX disc tests, a 3 category system has been used in USA and Europe, but a 4 category system is generally used in Japan. The 3 category system uses break points to classify bacteria into 3 categories of susceptibility according to MIC values as follows: resistant (R) MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml, moderately susceptible (MS) MIC 16-32 micrograms/ml, and susceptible (S) MIC less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

Resistance to cefsulodin and gentamicin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in five areas of Japan between 1980 and 1983.

The activities of cefsulodin and gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens from five hospitals in different geographical areas of Japan, from 1980 to 1983, were compared in vitro. The incidence of resistant strains was higher for gentamicin. In 1982 the sensitivity to both drugs decreased from 1980 and 1981 levels, largely because of the isolation of numbers of cefsulodin-gentamicin cross-resistant bacteria from three of the five hospitals. In 1983, the incidence of resistant strains was similar to that in 1982. This linked cefsulodin-gentamicin resistance may have been selected by the use of the cephalosporins, cefmenoxime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime and latamoxef, which had been prescribed extensively in the hospitals where cross-resistance was encountered. Although cefsulodin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa have increased since 1982, the in-vitro activity of cefsulodin in 1983 remained greater than that of these third-generation cephalosporins.

Cefsulodin↗
PubMed1986

[Comparison of in vitro activities of first, second and third generation cephem antibiotics against various pathogens isolated from clinical material in 1985].

In vitro susceptibilities of 2,133 strains of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1985 to various cephem antibiotics were studied using the Showa disk diffusion test. The following antibiotics were evaluated: cephalexin (CEX), cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ), cefotiam (CTM), cefoxitin (CFX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoperazone (CPZ), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX) and cefsulodin (CFS). S. aureus: Susceptible strains to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ with MICs less than 15 micrograms/ml accounted for 93, 73, 94, 80 and 96% of the strains tested respectively, while those susceptible to CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX, LMOX and CFS accounted for 91, 65, 53, 96, 65 and 95%, respectively. Susceptible strains to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml were 52%. Prevalence of bacterial resistance to CEX and CEZ, which have been used extensively, was greater than that to CET, CTM or CMZ, showing a bimodal distribution of MICs. The third generation cephems studied, in general, also showed bimodal distributions of MICs. S. epidermidis: Susceptible strains to CET, CEZ, CTM, CMZ, CTX, CPZ and CMX with MICs less than 15 micrograms/ml were more than 82% of the strains tested. S. pyogenes: All strains studied were susceptible to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX, CMZ, CTX, CPZ, CZX and CMX at MICs less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml. However, susceptible strains to either LMOX or CFS accounted for 95%, while those to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml accounted for 95%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1986

[Antimicrobial activity of cefotiam against various clinical isolates from 1981 to 1985].

Some of new cephem antibiotics, particularly the so called the third generation cephalosporins, are reported to be potent inducers of beta-lactamases and to be responsible for developing microbial cross-resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics and occasionally to the aminoglycosides (Sanders and Sanders, 1983). In Japan, third generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, and latamoxef became available in 1981, and cefmenoxime in 1982. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate changes, if any, in the antimicrobial activity of cefotiam (CTM) against various Gram-positive and negative bacteria, particularly to determine whether its antimicrobial activity has been reduced since 1982. Susceptibilities of clinical isolates of S. aureus (1,776 strains), S. epidermidis (2,247), S. pneumoniae (160), S. pyogenes (108), E. faecalis (1,930), E. coli (2,024), K. pneumoniae (1,913), Proteus spp. (950), E. aerogenes (823), Serratia marcescens (1,160), Citrobacter spp. (303), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2,824), and H. influenzae (396) to CTM were studied. It was found that susceptibilities of these clinical isolates to CTM were not altered from 1981 to 1985, except S. marcescens. In 1985, susceptible strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and E. faecalis were 93.8, 93.4, 100, 100 and 0%, respectively. Those of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp., H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, E. aerogenes and Citrobacter spp. were 97.9, 97.7, 89.4, 94, 0, 10.8, 45.9 and 74.5%, respectively. The rate of susceptible strains of S. marcescens decreased from 34.7 to 10.8% since 1981 to 1985.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteria↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of substrates for measuring serum choline esterase activity in hepato-biliary disease.

The efficacy of various substrates for measuring serum choline esterase for the evaluation of hepatic function was studied using o-toluoyl- and succinyl-choline, and acetyl, butyryl- and propionyl-thiocholine. In hepatic disease, the serum choline esterase activity with these substrates was decreased at a similar rate, showing no significant difference. In 78 - 84% of cases with hepatic cirrhosis the enzyme activity with these substrates was less than 50% of the average level of normal individuals, but in acute and chronic hepatitis only 4-9 and 12-14% of patients showed these lower values, respectively. The present study indicates the usefulness of sequential monitoring of serum choline esterase activity with any of these substrates for assessing hepatic disease, particularly cirrhosis, and for monitoring the course of hepatic disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

[In vitro antimicrobial activity of various antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical specimens in 1983].

In vitro susceptibilities of 73 strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from clinical specimens in 1983 to various antibiotics were studied. The following antibiotics were evaluated; ampicillin (ABPC), piperacillin (PIPC), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoperazone (CPZ), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DOXY), minocycline (MINO), chloramphenicol (CP) and erythromycin (EM). Susceptible strains to ABPC and PIPC with MICs less than 3 micrograms/ml were 80.3 and 84.1%, respectively. With this break point of MIC, all strains showed susceptibility to CPZ, CZX, and CMX, but resistant strains were observed in 1.5% against CTX and LMOX. Susceptible strains to TC, DOXY and MINO at MICs less than 2 micrograms/ml were 86.3, 80, and 87.7%, respectively. Those to CP at MICs less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml and to EM at MICs less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml were 86.2 and 71.9%.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating effective administrative dosage of cefmenoxime. Observation on the MICS and cefmenoxime disc susceptibility test].

The in vitro activity of cefmenoxime (CMX) was determined using agar dilution at inoculum level of 10(6) cfu/ml against 333 clinical bacterial isolates. CMX was highly active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes and Haemophilus influenzae and also Streptococcus Pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae with MIC values in the range of 0.024 to 3.13 micrograms/ml. Against Staphylococci and Serratia marcescens, CMX showed the antimicrobial activity with MIC90 6.25 micrograms/ml. However, CMX was not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter anitratus and exhibited no useful activity against Streptococcus faecalis. Reliability of CMX disc diffusion susceptibility test for quantitative estimation of the antimicrobial activity was also investigated, using 8 mm diameter disc (Showa) and 6 mm diameter disc (Wako), both of them containing 30 micrograms of CMX. These disc susceptibility test results were well correlated with MICs, capable of utilizing CMX disc susceptibility test for the estimation of proper administrative dose of CMX. Using 6 mm diameter disc containing 30 micrograms CMX, FUCHS et al. have proposed the following tentative zone size break points: greater than or equal to 22 mm = MIC 8 micrograms/ml, susceptible; 15 to 21 mm = MIC 16 approximately 32 micrograms/ml, moderately susceptible (intermediate); and less than or equal to 14 mm = MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml, resistant. In this investigation, the following zone size break points have preferred: greater than or equal to 25 mm = MIC less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml (3+); 20 to 24 mm = MIC greater than 3 to 15 micrograms/ml (2+); 16 to 19 mm = MIC greater than 15 to 60 micrograms/ml (+) and less than or equal to 15 mm = MIC greater than or equal to 60 micrograms/ml (-). Based on CMX pharmacokinetic data currently available, MIC break points proposed, less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml and less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml, would be useful for estimating the administrative dose of this antibiotic to obtain the effective blood level (e.g. the bacteriostatic activity in serum 1: greater than or equal to 8 for treatment of severe infection.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

[Comparison of in vitro activity of first, second and third generation cephem antibiotics against various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1983].

In vitro susceptibilities of 3,286 strains of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1983 to various cephem antibiotics were studied using the Showa disk diffusion test. The following antibiotics were evaluated: cephalexin (CEX), cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ), cefotiam (CTM), cefoxitin (CFX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoperazone (CPZ), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX) and latamoxef (LMOX). S. aureus: Susceptible strains to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ with MIC less than 15 micrograms/ml accounted for 93, 75, 93, 70 and 96% of the strains tested, while those to CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX and LMOX for 89, 65, 61, 86 and 62%, respectively. Susceptible strains to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml were 60%. Prevalence of bacterial resistance to CEX and CEZ, which have been used extensively, was greater than that to CET, CTM or CMZ, showing a bimodal distribution of MICs. The third generation cephems studied, in general, also showed bimodal distributions of MICs. S. pyogenes: All strains studied were susceptible to CET, CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX and LMOX at MICs less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml. However, susceptible strains to CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ accounted for 95, 95, 80 and 90%, respectively, while those to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml for 79%. S. pneumoniae: At MICs less than 3 micrograms/ml, all strains were susceptible to all cephem antibiotics tested. S. faecalis: Only a very few strains were susceptible to these antibiotics. E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus spp.: Susceptible strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to CEX at MICs less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml accounted for 80 and 81% of the strains tested, while those of indole negative and positive Proteus for 69 and 4%, respectively. Strains of E. coli susceptible to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ at MICs less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml were 78 to 96%, while those to CTX, CPZ, CZX, CMX and LMOX were 94 to 100%. Those of K. pneumoniae to these 2 groups of antibiotics were 81 to 95% and 94 to 100%, respectively. Susceptible strains of indole negative Proteus to the former group were 81 to 93% and those to the latter were 100%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cefazolin↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating effective administrative dose of cefsulodin].

Reliability of cefsulodin (CFS) disc sensitivity test for estimating approximate values of MICs and its utilization for evaluation of proper administrative dose were studied against 106 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical materials using 2 different kind of discs. The disc results were compared with MICs determined using agar dilution method at inoculum level of 10(6) CFU/ml. The results of CFS disc susceptibility test with 8 mm diameter disc (Showa) and 6 mm diameter disc (Wako), both of them contained 30 micrograms, were well correlated with MICs. It is capable to use disc results for estimation of approximate value of MICs. For interpretation of CFS disc tests, three category system has been used in USA and Europe, but four category system in Japan. MIC break points proposed for classifying bacteria into three categories of susceptibility: resistant (R) MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml, moderately susceptible (MS) MIC 16 approximately 32 micrograms/ml, and susceptible (S) MIC less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml. Those in four category system were as follows: MIC less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml, 3 micrograms/ml less than MIC less than or equal to 15 micrograms/ml, (+) 15 micrograms/ml MIC less than or equal to 60 micrograms/ml, (-) MIC greater than 60 micrograms/ml. Based on CFS pharmacokinetic data and the recommended dosage schedule (less than 2 g a day), MIC break points less than 3 micrograms/ml and less than 15 micrograms/ml, appear to be more useful than that of less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml and less than 32 micrograms/ml for evaluating a proper administrative dose level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cefsulodin↗
PubMed1983

[Comparison of sensitivity patterns of bacteria isolated from clinical materials to the 2d generation cephamycins and cephalosporins and clinical application of these antibiotics].

In vitro susceptibilities of 1478 strains of various pathogens isolated from clinical materials in 1981 to 23 antibiotics were studied using Showa disk diffusion test. Prevalence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. New cephem antibiotics such as cefmetazole (CMZ), cefoxitin (CFX) and cefotiam (CTM) had no increased activity over old cephalosporins such as cephalothin (CET) and cefazolin (CEZ) against Gram-positive cocci. However, all the new ones showed greater activities, broadened spectra, and/or both against Gram-negative bacilli, each offering unique advantages. S. aureus: Susceptible strains (MICs less than 15 micrograms/ml) to CET, CEZ, CTM, CFX and CMZ were 95%, 69%, 92%, 88% and 99%, respectively. Prevalence of resistance to CEZ was greater than to other cephalosporins, showing bimodal distribution of MICs. This may be due to more use of this drug in the past. Sensitive strains to benzylpenicillin (PCG), ampicillin (ABPC), sulbenicillin (SBPC) and piperacillin (PIPC) were 22 to 63%. A striking bimodal distribution of MICs of these penicillins was characteristic. Sensitive strains to various aminoglycosides and tetracyclines were 52 approximately 93% and 97 approximately 100%, respectively. S. pyogenes: 83 approximately 100% of strains were susceptible to various penicillins, CET and CEZ, whereas susceptible strains to CTM, CFX and CMZ were 66 approximately 90%. S. pneumoniae: Almost all strains (99%) were susceptible to PCG at the level less than 0.2 units/ml (0.12 microgram/ml). All strains were susceptible to various penicillins, cephalosporins, and cephamycins studied at the level less than 3 micrograms/ml. E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Proteus spp.: CTM, CFX and CMZ showed greater activity than CET and CEZ. Susceptible strains to the former antibiotics at the level less than 15 micrograms/ml were 93 approximately 94%, 82 approximately 95%, and 63 approximately 90%, respectively. Those to CET and CEZ were 61 approximately 83%, 85 approximately 92% and 53 approximately 58%, respectively. Among these cephalosporins, CMZ and CTM were the most effective, showing the least prevalence of resistance to these pathogens. H. influenzae: Susceptible strains (MICs less than 15 micrograms/ml) to ABPC, PIPC, CTM, CFX and CMZ were 80%, 81%, 84%, 55% and 71%, respectively. The majority of resistant strains to these beta-lactam antibiotics were sensitive to chloramphenicol, minocycline, doxycycline and erythromycin. P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, E. aerogenes, Citrobacter and Achromobacter: CTM, CMZ and CFX were not effective against these pathogens.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1982

[Clinical laboratory approach for determination of effective dose of cefotiam. Observation from disc susceptibility test and MICs].

Reliability of cefotiam disc diffusion susceptibility test was investigated for determining whether the disc results correlate with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) or not. The results of Showa disc and Oxoid disc were well correlated. The inhibitory zone size of Showa disc and MIC were also well correlated, indicating reliability of the cefotiam disc test. The disc result, was observed over 84% of clinically isolated S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and H. influenzae. Their mean MICs were less than about 1.5 microgram/ml. Such a result should be useful for the determination of drug dose in various clinical conditions in order to obtain the proper drug levels in blood and tissues. The results of antibiotic disc diffusion susceptibility test with various bacteria isolated from clinical materials were compared. Cefotiam revealed a potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive cocci, showing a similar potency to that of cephalothin and cefazolin. However, it showed a stronger activity against Gram-negative bacilli than that of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin and cefoxitin, revealing less resistant strains. Cephalosporins developed recently such as cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, latamoxef etc. show very potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacilli, but their activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis is weaker than that of cefotiam, cephalothin, cefazolin etc. Therefore, cefotiam can be considered as one of the drugs of first choice for surgical perioperative prophylaxis and blind therapy.

Bacteria↗