Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to T Sigrist.
We report on 3 deaths after the influence of high voltage current, fire and traumatic injury respectively. In all cases we found radial bands beside the eyes--so called "crow's feet". They are a sign of vital reaction in the cases of traumatic and thermic injury, possibly also in high-voltage burns due to sparking. In general, the "crow's feet" show that the person was conscious at the moment of the event.
Report on a 34 year old man who bled to death sitting in an empty bath-tub by suicidal cutting in his groin. The source of the bleeding was a small lesion of the femoral vein with a diameter of 2 mm. No endogenous or exogenous coagulopathies could be established.
In judicial and police circles - sometimes even in circles of medical professionals - it is still often thought that suicidal strangulation by ligature is impossible. Reviewing the forensic literature we could find more than 200 cases that have been published earlier. We report another 4 cases of suicidal strangulation. The main problems of criminalists and medical examiners in such cases are discussed. Primary investigation of the corpse in original position by a forensic scientist is of high importance.
Gunshot residue below the surface of the skin is typical of a contact gunshot wound. However, in a case of our own, when a taxi-robber was shot by the cab driver through his right hand at a distance of several yards, this finding provoked quite a confusion. Only when experimental shots at thick glabrous skin were performed, it could be established that long range shots led to intraepidermal gunshot deposit too. The explanation of this phenomenon lies in the tenacity of thick skin. Unlike the thin hairy skin, which is punched out by the penetrating projectile, the thicker and more tenacious plantar/palmar epidermis gets displaced radially, the stratum germinativum tears and the projectile casts its gunshot residue in the pouch formed in such a manner. Therefore, intraepidermal gunshot residue is proof of an entrance gunshot wound but not always a sign of contact shot if the wound is located in the palmar or plantar region. It is typically produced by shots at thick skin.
The authors present a method to separate and preserve stomach contents for forensic purpose. Analysis by "sieve tower" technique is simple and quickly done during autopsy. Solid phases of stomach content are arranged size up and can be stored for subsequent examinations. With the fluid phase drug analysis or microscopic analysis to confirm identy of the foodstuffs may be done. By adding alcohol (70%) enzymatic digestion and bacterial degradation of the stomach content are stopped.
A young man was found dead in a kitchen, that was partly burnt. Autopsy revealed, as cause of death, a combined intoxication following inhalation of carbon monoxide and hydrocyanic acid. Own investigations on the pyrolysis of pieces of furniture found in the kitchen (plastic plates containing melamine and plates containing formaldehyde) showed, that hydrocyanic acid was liberated through combustion of such substances and inhaled by the victim. The poisoning picture is discussed, and discussion includes especially considerations on the peculiar sensitivity of the brain toward the action of hydrocyanic acid and the relative insensitivity of the heart muscle. It is thought that the cause of such sensitivity difference lies in the physiological differences of the intracellular energy production. Finally the dangers of combustion gases developing from burning plastic materials are reemphasized.
Report on two cases of removal of corpses. Case 1: A human skeleton and lumps of adipocere were found in a liquid manure pit as the remains of a 49 years old male. The identity of the person could be proved by the results of the odontological examination. In two ribs we found small holes; they could be qualified as gun-shot injuries due to the results of morphological, chemical and radiological investigations. This made it possible to determine the line of the gun-shot within the body and the cause of death. The bullet (with the calibre .22) was detected in a lump of adipocere. It allowed the identification of the weapon, and this lead to the confession of a 74 year old man as the murderer. The crime had been committed 1 1/2 years ahead the discovery of the corpse. Case 2: A prostitute has been missed for about 2 years. Her nude corpse was found in a deep-freezer, which was still working. The corpse was well preserved beside few alterations of beginning putrefaction; this process was stopped by deep-freezing. The woman was killed by gun-shot into the neck. The bullet was still in the corpse, which allowed to prove the identity of the weapon as well as the murderer. He had committed suicide 9 months earlier than the cadaver has been discovered.
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The autopsy on an body recovered from the water showed evidence of drowning and, in addition, the occurrence of extensive intramuscular bleeding on the neck, in the area of the shoulder girdle and the upper arms. There was a suspicion that criminal violence had been used, and the police carried out extensive investigations; these were inconclusive. The subsequent histological examination of the affected musculature revealed "reactive" changes throughout which corresponded to post mortem damage. The case presented here serves to illustrate the usefulness of muscle histology for differentiating between the occurrence of intramuscular bleeding before and after death; the corresponding histological criteria are outlined.
"Death sounds" are monotonous sounds produced by a corpse without rigor mortis. Such sounds may be mistaken for signs of life, which may be of importance under criminal aspects. Three relevant cases are discussed.
The external and internal signs of vitality of hanging were often absent in a retrospective study of 55 cases of hanging. The histological examination of the cervical muscles however revealed in the majority of the cases "vital" changes in the muscle fibres, e.g. segmental or discoid fragmentation of the muscle fibres with loss of the sarcoplasmatic cross-striation. The histological examination is therefore a valid instrument for proofing the vitality of hanging and other forms of strangulation.
A man had a quarrel with his wife. Suddenly he collapsed and became cyanotic. The woman supposed him to be dead. Because she was afraid of familiar requital, she opened the gas-cock of the cooking-range to pretend a suicide; methane emitted. The autopsy revealed a fresh cardiac infarction. Postmortem chemical analysis established methane in the blood. The question was, whether the methane had any importance for the death. By experimental inhalation of a methane-air-mixture (3%) we could expose, that the methane concentration in postmortem blood didn't have any relevance for the death.
The authors report on four cases of suicidal fire deaths in the open air. In three cases the proper cause of death was severe burning and in one case deep cuts of the neck. In all these events the concentrations of CO-Hb were < 30%. Kerosene was indicated in lipophile tissue or lung in two cases. There was no evidence of incapacitation preceding the exposition to fire. The autopsy findings and the scene allowed a reconstruction of the course of events. All victims had motives of suicide. The authors conclude that close cooperation between police, fire experts and forensic medicine is necessary to permit a correct classification of the mode of death in such cases.