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Biomedical subjects

T Shapiro

Publications and source records attributed to T Shapiro.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Labeling and unlabeling: perceptions of diagnostic terms among mothers and professionals.

Perceptions of diagnostic terms were investigated in a study of 30 mothers of developmentally deviant preschoolers, 24 psychiatrists, 24 pediatricians, and 15 therapeutic nursery school educators. Statistical analysis of ranking by severity revealed little concordance between mothers and professionals and among the three groups of professionals. Results indicated that the mothers tended to discard or reinterpret diagnostic terms to permit themselves to maintain hope. Professional awareness of the potential for miscommunication with parents is urged.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Treasured objects in school-aged children.

Infants and young children often from tenacious, persistent attachments to soft objects. No investigation has focused, specifically, on an older school-aged population. Data were collected from parents of 171 normal children between 9 and 13 years of age from the middle to upper socioeconomic class. The study (1) compared current behavioral characteristics of children with or without a history of attachment; (2) compared the current behavioral characteristics of the children who have or have not maintained that attachment; (3) explored the relationship between parental attitudes and the persistence or disappearance of the object; and (4) explored family demographics and object use among siblings. Approximately half (54%) had formed an attachment to an object in infancy. Of the group of "users" approximately half kept it until age 9 years (49%). There were no significant behavioral differences among those children who were or were not attached to an object, or among those children who continued to use a soft object after age 9 years compared to those who never used one at all. Parents felt they had little to do, directly, with their child's relinquishing the object. Sibling use, the number of siblings, ordinal rank of the child, parents' marital status, sex of the child, and history of thumb-sucking were all unrelated to object attachment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

On the quest for the origins of conflict.

The psychoanalytic genetic point of view was developed initially to account for choice of symptom in terms of points of regression and the conflict that developed around the expression of drives formerly not opposed. Later, clinical problems gave rise to positing an earlier and earlier anlage for conflict and symptom formation. The data on direct observation of preverbal infants and rules for validation of retrospective constructs are reviewed. The psychoanalyst's interpretation of symbols is emphasized as the most cultivated skill of our science. A restraint on genetic theory formation derives from the discontinuities in method between the task of analyzing and that of infant observation.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1978

Linguistic negation in autistic and normal children.

Young, severely maladaptive autistic children with some speech competence were compared to normally developing 3-year-old children of lower and middle class and 5-year-olds of lower class on negation tasks. All subjects were shown 12 sets of cards depicting negative contrasts designed to elicit semantic categories of nonexistence, denial, and rejection and were tested for production, imitation, and comprehension. Syntactic and semantic analysis revealed that autistic children were superior imitators and poor producers but showed skills in comprehension comparable to a 4-year-old's level of functioning. While retarded in some functions, the experimental group produced syntactic structures that were more rigid, suggesting the significantly greater use of imitation as a major strategy in linguistic coding.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1977

Oedipal distortions in severe character pathologies. Developmental and theoretical considerations.

The oedipus complex is presented as a universal, developmentally determined mental organization that incorporates pregenital factors in a new hierarchic structure. Psychoanalysis with adults who have a variety of disorders, including severe character pathology, demonstrates the role of the oedipus complex and its variants as a dominant theme in these disorders. Recent trends in psychoanalytic theory are reviewed to facilitate our understanding of the newer metapsychological formulations that tend to de-emphasize oedipal constellations. Specific issues of changing emphasis in drive theory, ego organization, developmental levels of anxiety, and the separation-individuation process are considered.

Anxiety, Castration↗