Biomedical subjects

T Saito

Publications and source records attributed to T Saito.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Vibrational study on structural transitions of potassium pelargonate CH3(CH2)7CO2K.

Anhydrous potassium pelargonate (KC9) undergoes four thermal transitions from room temperature to 450 degrees C. A normal mode analysis was made for the molecule in phase I at room temperature and the molecule was considered to have an all-trains conformation. With increasing temperature, partial melting of the alkyl chains occurred in phase II and complete melting was observed in phase III, as confirmed by vibrational spectra. In addition, orientational disorder of the carboxylate groups was suggested in phase II. This transition behavior of potassium pelargonate was compared with the behavior of nonane and pelargonic acid.

Fatty Acids↗

PubMed2001

Effects of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole or rabeprazole), amoxycillin and clarithromycin in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Omeprazole is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) in the liver. Rabeprazole, on the other hand, is mainly metabolized to thioether-rabeprazole via a non-enzymatic pathway and partially metabolized to demethylated-rabeprazole by CYP2C19 in liver CYP2C19 status may affect cure rate for Helicobacter pylori infection with proton pump inhibitor triple therapy. AIM: To investigate whether genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 and selected proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole or rabeprazole) were associated with cure rate for Helicobacter pylori infection using triple therapy with omeprazole or rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. METHODS: A total of 170 Helicobacter pylori-positive patients with chronic gastritis were randomized to receive one of the following Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens; OAC (omeprazole 20 mg bd, amoxycillin 750 mg bd and clarithromycin 400 mg bd for 1 week) and RAC (rabeprazole 20 mg bd, amoxycillin 750 mg bd and clarithromycin 400 mg bd for 1 week). The CYP2C19 genotype; wild-type or two mutant genes (ml in exon 5 and m2 in exon 4), or both, were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: In DAC regimen, cure rate (per protocol analysis) was 73.3% in homozygous extensive metabolizers, 86.1% in heterozygous extensive metabolizers, and 85.0% in poor metabolizers. In RAC regimen, the cure rate was 81.0% in homozygous extensive metabolizers, 82.9% in heterozygous extensive metabolizers, and 87.5% in poor metabolizers. Cure rate was not significantly different between the CYP2C19 genotypes in both regimens. CONCLUSION: Triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole or rabeprazole), amoxycillin, and clarithromycin is sufficiently effective in cure of Helicobacter pylori infection regardless of CYP2C19 status.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗

PubMed2001

Involvement of catalytic amino acid residues in enzyme-catalyzed polymerization for the synthesis of polyesters.

Recently, a variety of aliphatic polyesters have been synthesized using hydrolases such as lipases and PHB depolymerases, and the reaction mechanism for these enzyme-catalyzed polymerization has been discussed. In this paper, we have studied the involvement of the catalytic amino acid residues of the hydrolase in enzyme-catalyzed polymerization with an extracellular PHB depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1. A wild-type PHB depolymerase and three kinds of site-specific mutants (catalytic amino acids were substituted) were prepared and their polymerization activities for the ring-opening polymerization of (R)-beta-butyrolactone (BL) were compared. BL was polymerized at 80 degrees C in bulk by the wild-type enzyme to yield polymers consisting of cyclic and linear structures in a high monomer conversion. In contrast, none of the mutant enzymes showed obvious polymerization activity. These results have clearly demonstrated that the catalytic triad is indeed responsible for the enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of BL.

4-Butyrolactone↗

PubMed2001

Oligosaccharides of milk and colostrum in non-human mammals.

Mammalian milk or colostrum usually contains, in addition to lactose, a variety of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides. Although the oligosaccharides of human milk have been reviewed in several recent publications, those of non-human mammals have received much less attention. This paper reviews the chemical structures and the variety of milk oligosaccharides in species other than humans, including placental mammals (e.g. primates, domestic herbivores, bears and other carnivores, the rat and the elephant) as well as monotremes (platypus and echidna) and marsupials (e.g. wallaby). The gastrointestinal digestion and absorption and the possible biological functions of these oligosaccharides are also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Soluble CD44 in human ovarian follicular fluid.

PURPOSE: In the present study, we investigated the existence of soluble CD44 (sCD44) in human follicular fluid, the relationship between the concentration of sCD44 and that of other hormonal parameters, and the prognostic value of sCD44 in follicular fluid in in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. METHODS: A total of 63 follicular fluid specimens from patients (n = 30) participating in our IVF programs was analyzed by RIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The mean concentration (+/- SE) of sCD44 in follicular fluid was 265.4 +/- 7.8 ng/ml. The variation of the follicular fluid concentration of sCD44 was strictly associated with that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (r = 0.572, P < 0.0001). The mean concentration of sCD44 in follicular fluid was significantly higher in follicles containing subsequently unfertilized oocytes than that in those containing oocytes that had undergone fertilization (P = 0.0428). In the analysis of each follicle that contained an oocyte subsequently fertilized, the mean concentration of sCD44 was significantly higher in follicular fluid with the subsequently good-quality embryos than in that with the subsequently poor-quality embryos (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the concentration of sCD44 in follicular fluid reflects the development of embryos derived from the same follicle, so the sCD44 in human follicular fluid may be useful in the assessment of the prognostic value of IVF programs.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗

PubMed2001

Utilization and acid production of beta-galactosyllactose by oral streptococci and human dental plaque.

Beta-galactosyllactose is a trisaccharide containing the beta-galactosidic linkage at the nonreducing end. The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain oral streptococci could utilize four kinds of beta-galactosyllactoses. Three of four beta-galactosyllactoses were unable to support growth of the oral streptococci and to be a substrate for producing acid from the cell suspensions and dental plaque. 4'-beta-Galactosyllactose supported growth of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 35105, ATCC 49298, Streptococcus mitis ATCC 15914, Streptococcus oralis ATCC 35037, ATCC 10557 and Streptococcus milleri 10707 and produced acid from dental plaque. Although beta-galactosidase activities were observed in all the strains, 4'-beta-galactosyllactose could not be used as a carbon source for the growth of mutans streptococci. Enzymes metabolizing 4'-beta-galactosyllactose were induced when S. oralis ATCC 10557 was cultured in medium containing galactose. These results suggested that 4'-beta-galactosyllactose could be as cariogenic as lactose if it is consumed frequently and retained for a long period in the mouth.

Acids↗

PubMed2001

A single-injection, multi-segmental paravertebral block-extension of somatosensory and sympathetic block in volunteers.

BACKGROUND: It is our experience that a deposition of an anesthetic solution in the ventral area of the paravertebral space near the parietal pleura and the sympathetic trunk produces extended unilateral block. Because sympathetic block effects in this extended paravertebral block are not reported yet, we undertook this singly blinded, controlled study on the sympathetic change in volunteers. METHODS: A total of 22 ml 1% lidocaine was injected at the T11 level into the ventral area of the right-sided paravertebral space in 16 volunteers. The distribution of analgesia, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature (measured by 12 skin sensors) was monitored. On a later occasion the volunteers underwent a control injection of saline. RESULTS: Unilateral analgesia (with no contralateral element) was induced in every subject injected with lidocaine, contrasted with no block induction with saline. Loss of pin-prick sensation was observed within 10 min after injection and involved a mean of 12 (range 8-13) dermatomes. A sympathetic block was indicated by cutaneous temperature increase within at least 6 dermatomes. Increase of arterial blood pressure was obtained in all volunteers with no change in pulse rate. No side effects or complications occurred. Epidural spread of the local anesthetic was unlikely because of the absence of contralateral cutaneous analgesia and temperature increase. CONCLUSION: One-sided extended analgesia (sensory loss) follows the paravertebral injection of lidocaine. A large ipsilateral sympathetic block is observed without change in pulse rate and with no hypotension. These are all characteristics of an optimal regional block.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha relates to the recruitment of inflammatory cells in myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis in rats.

In experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) there is a characteristic initial focal inflammatory response in the myocardium, induced mainly by CD4(+) T cells and macrophages, which leads to massive myocardial damage. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) induces chemotaxis in lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages. We assessed the potential role of MIP-1alpha in the pathogenesis of EAM in rats immunized with porcine myosin. Following immunization, the levels of MIP-1alpha mRNA in EAM showed an increase on Day 11 and peaked on Day 17. MIP-1alpha-positive cells were predominantly immunoreactive to OX6 antibody (dendritic cells) and ED2 antibody (resident macrophages) by Day 14. Marked cellular infiltration was seen on Day 17 with the major population of MIP-1alpha-positive cells also positive for ED1 (inflammatory macrophages). We then examined the association of MIP-1alpha with the development of myocardial inflammation. Rats were divided into three groups: Group A consisted of EAM rats (n = 10); Group B consisted of EAM rats treated with anti-MIP-1alpha (1 mg/kg) on Days 11, 13, and 15, before the onset of initial inflammation (n = 5); and Group C consisted of EAM rats treated with anti-MIP-1alpha from the start of the initial inflammation on Days 14, 16, and 18 (n = 5). Rats were euthanized on Day 21 and three transverse sections of the heart were prepared to determine the percentage of the area affected by inflammatory lesions. This area of inflammation was significantly smaller in Group B (27 +/- 4%) than in Groups A (51 +/- 6%) or C (50 +/- 6%) (p < 0.01), indicating that the administration of antibody before the initiation of inflammation, in part, will inhibit myocardial inflammation. These data suggest that MIP-1alpha may play an important role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the early stages of EAM.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Therapeutic potential of a novel synthetic selectin blocker, OJ-R9188, in allergic dermatitis.

1. We investigated the ability of a newly synthesized sugar derivative, OJ-R9188, [N-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-O-(L-alpha-fucofuranosyl)-D-seryl]-L-glutamic acid 1-methylamide 5-L-arginine salt, to block binding of selectins to their ligands in vitro and inhibit the infiltration of leukocytes in vivo. 2. OJ-R9188 prevented the binding of human E-, P- and L-selectin-IgG fusion proteins to immobilized sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x))-pentasaccharide glycolipid, with IC(50) values of 4.3, 1.3, and 1.2 microM, respectively. 3. In a mouse model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, OJ-R9188 at 10 mg kg(-1), i.v. inhibited neutrophil accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. In the IgE-mediated skin reaction, OJ-R9188 at 3 and 10 mg kg(-1), i.v. significantly inhibited extravasation of neutrophils and eosinophils into the inflammatory sites and at 10 mg kg(-1), i.v. also inhibited infiltration caused by picryl chloride-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. These results suggest that OJ-R9188 may be a useful selectin blocker, with activity against human and mouse E-, P- and L-selectins in vitro and in vivo, and that blocking selectin-sLe(x) binding is a promising strategy for the treatment of allergic skin diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Pre-emptive therapy against cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease guided by CMV antigenemia assay after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center experience in Japan.

From April 1998 to March 2000, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia-guided pre-emptive approach for CMV disease was evaluated in 77 adult patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the National Cancer Center Hospital. A CMV antigenemia assay was performed at least once a week after engraftment. High-level antigenemia was defined as a positive result with 10 or more positive cells per 50 000 cells and low-level antigenemia was defined as less than 10 positive cells. Among the 74 patients with initial engraftment, 51 developed positive antigenemia. Transplantation from alternative donors and the development of grade II-IV GVHD were independent risk factors for positive antigenemia. Ganciclovir was administered as pre-emptive therapy in 39 patients in a risk-adapted manner. None of the nine low-risk patients with low-level antigenemia as their initial positive result developed high-level antigenemia even though ganciclovir was withheld. Only one patient developed early CMV disease (hepatitis) during the study period. CMV antigenemia resolved in all but two cases, in whom ganciclovir was replaced with foscarnet. In eight patients, however, the neutrophil count decreased to 0.5 x 10(9)/l or less after starting ganciclovir, including three with documented infections and two with subsequent secondary graft failure. The total amount of ganciclovir and possibly the duration of high-dose ganciclovir might affect the incidence of neutropenia. We concluded that antigenemia-guided pre-emptive therapy with a decreased dose of ganciclovir and response-oriented dose adjustment might be appropriate to decrease the toxicity of ganciclovir without increasing the risk of CMV disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Long-term low-dose acyclovir against varicella-zoster virus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

To evaluate the efficacy of long-term administration of acyclovir as prophylaxis against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation, we analyzed the medical records of 86 consecutive adult patients who obtained engraftment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from January 1996 to March 2000. We started long-term low-dose (400 mg/day) oral administration of acyclovir in June 1999, and this was continued until the end of immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation. There was no breakthrough reactivation of VZV in patients receiving acyclovir. Five patients who were receiving cyclosporine or prednisolone developed VZV reactivation after discontinuing acyclovir. With this prophylaxis, the cumulative incidence of VZV reactivation at 1 year after transplantation decreased from 33% to 10% (P = 0.025). On multivariate analysis, the use of long-term acyclovir was identified as a significant independent parameter for the development of VZV reactivation. These findings suggest the efficacy of long-term prophylaxis with low-dose acyclovir. Resumption of acyclovir upon restarting immunosuppressive therapy might be important for the further prevention of VZV reactivation. The benefit of long-term low-dose acyclovir should be confirmed prospectively.

Acyclovir↗

PubMed2001

Polymorphism in SNAP29 gene promoter region associated with schizophrenia.

Linkage studies indicate that chromosome 22q contains a locus, or loci, for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). Furthermore, the congenital disorder velo cardio facial syndrome (VCFS), which is usually caused by a 22q11 microdeletion, is associated with an increased prevalence of psychiatric disease, including SZ and BPD. One plausible candidate gene that maps to 22q11, in a region deleted in the most common form of VCFS, is SNAP29, a member of the SNAP-25 family of SNARE proteins. To search for possible functional mutations in SNAP29 that could be analyzed as candidates for 22q11-linked psychiatric problems, exons, intron-exon junctions and the promoter region were screened. No coding variants were found, although a silent mutation at codon 6 and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the 5' untranslated and promoter regions. One SNP, an A-->G transition 923 [corrected] nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site, showed a moderately significant difference in the distribution of alleles and genotypes in patients with SZ compared with controls (allele frequency: chi(2) = 5.57, 1 df, P = 0.018; genotype: chi(2) = 9.49, 2 df, P = 0.009; odds ratio = 1.59, 95% Cl = 1.08--2.34). No significant difference was found in patients with BPD. Although the functional significance of this mutation is not known, the tetranucleotide core sequence of the ets and IK2 families of transcription factors is altered as a result of the SNP. These data suggest that a mutation in the SNAP29 gene promoter region, or a mutation in linkage disequilibrium with the promoter SNP, may be involved in the pathogenesis of chromosome 22-linked SZ.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Mutation analysis of SYNJ1: a possible candidate gene for chromosome 21q22-linked bipolar disorder.

Genes involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle function are potential candidates for the development of psychiatric disorders. In addition to experimental and theoretical considerations, a number of genes involved in synaptic vesicle function map to regions of the genome that have been linked to bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ). One is synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1) which maps to 21q22.2, a chromosomal region that has been linked to BPD in a subset of families in several studies. Synaptojanin 1 is an inositol 5-phosphatase that has an important role in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Mutation screening of 32 exons, intron--exon junctions, and 839 bases of 5'-flanking DNA resulted in the identification of 11 mutations of which four were very common and seven were very rare. Of the 11 mutations identified, several may have functional significance including two coding variants, two that may affect the binding of a transcription factor, and two that involve known splicing regulatory domains. Five bipolar patients out of 149 analyzed were found who have one of the four rare variants that were most likely to have functional significance compared with 0/148 controls. The allele frequencies for three of the four common variants were very similar in bipolar patients and controls. A slight difference in allele frequency was found for an interesting mutation we detected in intron 12 in which two non-adjacent thymidine residues are deleted in a poly-AT tract located near the exon 12 splice donor site (chi(2) = 2.45, P = 0.12, 2-tailed). Although we failed to unequivocally identify a specific SYNJ1 allele that could be responsible for putative chromosome 21q22-linked BPD, several interesting variants were found to be increased in bipolar subjects and should be further investigated.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2001

Activation of HIV-1-specific immune responses to an HIV-1 vaccine constructed from a replication-defective adenovirus vector using various combinations of immunization protocols.

We constructed a recombinant replication defective adenovirus vector containing the env gene (Ad-Bal) derived from macrophage-trophic HIV-1 (HIV-1 Bal). We then immunized mice with this vector using several administration routes and protocols, and examined the immune response. When the Ad-Bal viral vector (over 1 x 10(7) pfu) was injected subcutaneously, both humoral and cell-mediated immunities were induced. However, immune response induced by the Ad-Bal vector alone was weaker than that induced by the recombinant vaccinia viral vector. We then employed the following three immunization protocols: (l) DNA vaccination followed by immunization with the Ad-Bal; (2) vaccination using the Ad-Bal vector followed by DNA vaccination; and (3) DNA vaccination followed by Ad-Bal infection and passive transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) infected with the Ad-Bal. Among the three protocols, the last gave the strongest humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These results suggest that the combination of DNA vaccination, Ad-Bal vector infection and passive transfer of Ad-Bal-infected DCs can induce strong immunity against HIV-1 Bal.

AIDS Vaccines↗

PubMed2001

Urinary excretion of the aquaporin-2 water channel exaggerated in pathological states of impaired water excretion.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to determine whether the hydro-osmotic action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) is exaggerated in pathological states of impaired water excretion by measuring urinary excretion of the aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) water channel. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Eighteen hyponatraemic patients with impaired water excretion and 12 control subjects were studied during an acute oral water load (20 ml/kg body weight). RESULTS: In the patient group plasma AVP levels were 1.6 pmol/l, relatively high compared to plasma osmolality of 279.8 mmol/kg. Urinary excretion of AQP-2 under ad libitum water drinking was 41.1 fmol/micromol creatinine in the patient group, a value significantly greater than that of 21.7 fmol/micromol creatinine in the control subjects. The acute water load verified the impairment in water excretion in the patient group, as the excretion of the water load was only 28.2% (control, 77.3%, P < 0.001) and the minimum urinary osmolality was as high as 437.3 mmol/kg (control, 122.9 mmol/kg, P < 0.001). Also, the minimum urinary excretion of AQP-2 was significantly greater in the patient group than that in the control. There was a positive correlation between plasma AVP levels and urinary excretion of AQP-2 in the control subjects (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). In contrast, the urinary excretion of AQP-2 was exaggerated compared to the respective plasma AVP levels in the patient group, and thus the positive correlation disappeared. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that hydroosmotic action of AVP is exaggerated more than that expected from plasma AVP levels in pathological states of impaired water excretion, with non-suppressible, but normal, arginine vasopressin levels in spite of the hypo-osmotic condition.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Secondary malignant giant-cell tumour of bone: molecular abnormalities of p53 and H-ras gene correlated with malignant transformation.

AIMS: We report two cases of secondary malignant giant-cell tumour occurring without irradiation therapy. To elucidate the mechanism of malignant transformation in this tumour, we searched for the molecular abnormalities of p53, MDM2 and the H-ras genes. METHODS AND RESULTS: These cases were retrieved after a review of 103 cases of primary giant-cell tumour of bone, registered in our institute. One case occurred in the distal femur of a 42-year-old female after surgical curettage, while the other arose in the acetabulum of a 25-year-old male after en bloc resection. Microscopically, the malignant tumour in the distal femur was composed of a proliferation of ovoid or fusiform cells arranged in fascicles with high mitotic activities. The malignant transformed tumour in the acetabulum was made up of pleomorphic tumour cells with atypical mitoses. In the tumour of the distal femur, both p53 and H-ras mutations were detected. Abnormal nuclear accumulation of p53 protein and c-myc expression were also revealed by immunohistochemistry. In both cases, the recurrent malignant tumour over-expressed MMP-9 and revealed a higher MIB-1-labelling index compared with the primary conventional giant-cell tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that multiple oncogene or tumour suppressor gene mutations may play an important role during malignant transformation in conventional giant-cell tumours.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Zymosan enhances the immune response to DNA vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 through the activation of complement system.

In the present study, the adjuvant effect of zymosan on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-specific DNA vaccine and the mechanism of this enhancement were studied in a murine model. We coinoculated zymosan with our candidate HIV-1 specific DNA vaccine (pCMV160IIIB) into skeletal muscles of BALB/c mice. Higher levels of both humoral immune response and HIV-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response were observed when zymosan was coinoculated with pCMV160IIIB compared with that obtained using pCMV160IIIB alone. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was also enhanced. This enhancing activity was suppressed when coinoculated to the fifth complement (C5)-deficient DDD and AKR mice. The enhanced activity was also suppressed when anti-C3 antibody was inoculated to mice intramuscularly. There was significant induction of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in pCMV160IIIB vaccine with zymosan. These results suggest that zymosan-mediated DNA vaccination enhances helper T cell (Th) 1-mediated immunity. The effect is suggested to be based on the consequences of its recruitment and activation of macrophages, dendritic cells or antigen-presenting cells (APC) through complement activation, especially through the alternative pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that zymosan can be an effective immunological adjuvant in DNA vaccination against HIV-1.

AIDS Vaccines↗

PubMed2001

Spatial expression patterns of genes involved in cyclic AMP responses in Dictyostelium discoideum development.

The spatial expression patterns of genes involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responses during morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum were analyzed by in situ hybridization. Genes encoding adenylyl cyclase A (ACA), cAMP receptor 1, G-protein alpha2 and beta subunits, cytosolic activator of ACA (CRAC and Aimless), catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA-C) and cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDE and REG-A) were preferentially expressed in the anterior prestalk (tip) region of slugs, which acts as an organizing center. MAP kinase ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2) mRNA, however, was enriched in the posterior prespore region. At the culmination stage, the expression of ACA, CRAC and PKA-C mRNA increased in prespore cells in contrast with the previous stage. However, no alteration in the site of expression was observed for the other mRNA analyzed. Based on these findings, two and four classes of expression patterns were catalogued for these genes during the slug and culmination stages, respectively. Promoter analyses of genes in particular classes should enhance understanding of the regulation of dynamic and coordinated gene expression during morphogenesis.

Animals↗