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Biomedical subjects

T Reilly

Publications and source records attributed to T Reilly.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a general hospital: prospective evaluation of indications, outcome, and randomised comparison of two tube designs.

The indications for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and patient outcome, were examined prospectively in the setting of a general hospital. In the course of 26 months, 76 patients underwent PEG (median age 62 years (range 18-99)) and were followed up for 6887 patient days. The median (range) duration of PEG feeding was 93 (3-785) days. The procedure was carried out for neurological indications in 76% of cases (stroke 51%) and 53% of patients were severely malnourished (body mass index < 17 kg/m2) at the time of referral. In 12 (16%) patients swallowing recovered and the PEG was removed after a median (range) of 55 days (20-150). Three (4%) deaths were related to PEG (one oesophageal perforation, one haemorrhage, and one aspiration pneumonia). One patient developed peritonism and ileus, which resolved with conservative treatment. Minor complications included local sepsis 3%, tube blockage 12%, and tube connector leak 5%. During seven days of observation, demands on nursing time for routine care of the PEG were the same as for nasogastric tube feeding, median (range) 21 (4-42) v 16 (4-40) min/day respectively, but in about half the latter cases the tube had to be replaced at least once. Over 15 months, 29 patients were randomised to receive a 1.9 mm inner, 2.9 mm (9F) outer diameter Fresenius and 27 a 3.0 mm inner, 4.0 mm (12F) outer diameter Bower polyurethane tube and were followed for 2920 and 2388 patient days respectively. There was no difference in the insertion time (median (range) 20 (10-45) v 24 (10-45) min respectively) or number of patients with complications (three v eight patients NS), although there were more minor mechanical problems (three v 12, p < 0.01) with the 12F tube. The internal anchoring device of the 12F tube allowed its non-endoscopic removal, a method applicable too 16% of cases. No tubes were removed because of blockage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Immunological reactivity of angiotensin II receptor antagonists: possible implications for receptor binding sites.

In the present study, we assessed the reactivity with seven anti-angiotensin II monoclonal antibodies of three nonpeptide and one peptide compounds described as selective antagonists of angiotensin II for AT1 (DuP 753, 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl] imidazole; EXP 3174, 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-(carboxylic acid)-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl] imidazole) and AT2 receptor sites (CGP42112A, nicotinyl-Tyr-(N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg)Lys-His-Pro-Ile-OH; PD123177, 1-[(4-amino-3-methylphenyl) methyl]-5-(diphenyl-acetyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazol[4,5-c] pyridine 6-carboxylic acid), respectively. These studies were undertaken because the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies with peptide analogs of angiotensin II and the three-dimensional structure of an angiotensin II-immunoglobulin Fab fragment complex strongly suggested that the conformations identified by the monoclonal antibodies were relevant to those involved in receptor binding as defined by biophysical models supported by structure activity studies. Surprisingly although three of the compounds were described as competitive inhibitors of angiotensin II, binding of the various monoclonal antibodies to either ovalbumin-coupled angiotensin II adsorbed to plastic wells or 125I-labeled angiotensin II in liquid phase was unaffected by any of the nonpeptide antagonists and CGP42112A up to 10(-4) M concentration. The antagonists also failed to bind to rabbit polyclonal anti-angiotensin II antibodies. Direct binding experiments in which solid phase-immobilized angiotensin II and DuP 753 conjugates were incubated with anti-angiotensin II or anti-DuP 753 monoclonal antibodies, did not show any cross-reactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1993

Spinal and metabolic loading during simulations of golf play.

Changes in stature during physical activity reflect alterations in spinal column length that occur as a result of loading the spine. The shrinkage is associated with loss of intervertebral disc height. This study aimed to measure both the load on the spine during simulations of a round of golf and the physiological responses to carrying golf clubs. Fine measurement of stature was achieved using a computer-linked stadiometer inclined to 13 degrees. Shrinkage was measured (n = 6) after performance regimens which mimicked (1) the ambulatory activity during golf play, (2) ambulation and skills employed in par performance and (3) ambulation and carriage of clubs. Our observations indicate significant shrinkage associated with golf skills, mean shrinkage after nine holes being 2.53 mm compared to 1.78 mm in the walking condition. The highest shrinkage was observed when the player carried his clubs, the amount of stature loss being 4.76 mm over nine holes. The highest rates of shrinkage occurred over the first three holes. In a second experiment to further examine the effects of carrying the golf clubs, five of the subjects walked on a motor-driven treadmill at 5 km h-1 for 5 min. Carrying the clubs caused a 15% increase in VO2 and a 25% rise in VE compared to normal walking. Increases were found also in perceived exertion. The physical and physiological loadings associated with recreational golf were deemed to be light to moderate and do not denote undue strain in occasional practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees.

This study aimed to describe the work-rate profiles of referees during soccer matches and record heart-rate responses during these games. Using video-recordings 14 referees were observed and their heart rates during the games were monitored by short-range radio telemetry. These included 11 football league matches. The exercise intensity was largely submaximal with a change in activity every 6 s. The mean distance covered during the game was 9.44 km; a significant fall in work rate was noted in the second half (P < 0.05). The mean heart rate of 165 beats min-1 did not vary between first and second halves. The work rate and heart rate varied more between individuals than with the importance of the match, but this variation was small. It was considered that refereeing top level soccer places high physiological demands on the official. This has implications for training and fitness assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Adrenergic and pressure-dependent vascular regulation in sedentary and trained rats.

In this study, we determined if aerobic exercise training alters adrenergic or pressure-dependent vascular regulation in the rat hindlimb or intestine. Pressor responses to bilateral carotid artery occlusion and systemic phenylephrine (PE) infusion were not altered by training. During occlusion, peak and steady-state changes in hindlimb vascular resistance (HLR) were significantly greater in trained (24 and 13%) than in sedentary (8 and -3%) rats; a similar trend existed for intestinal vascular resistance (IR). The pressure-dependent contribution was consistent between groups (HLR: peak 55-85%, steady state 25-45%; IR: peak and steady state 40-65%). During PE infusion, increases in IR and HLR were similar between groups. The increase in HLR was substantially pressure dependent in both groups (approximately 50% at highest dose) as was the change in IR in trained rats. However, the IR response to PE was not pressure dependent in sedentary rats. The direct effects of PE were similar between sedentary and trained rats in the hindlimb but were suppressed in the intestine of trained rats compared with sedentary rats. Therefore, aerobic exercise training altered adrenergic and pressure-dependent vasoregulatory mechanisms in both skeletal muscle and intestinal tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of elevating blood alcohol levels on tasks related to dart throwing.

Light (0.02% BAC) and moderate (0.05% BAC) does of alcohol were administered to 10 dart throwers while effects were monitored on tasks related to dart throwing, i.e., rotary pursuit and hand steadiness. Balance and accuracy of throwing improved with the 0.02% BAC, but performance was impaired with 0.05% BAC. The higher BAC levels were linked with deteriorations on rotary pursuit and hand steadiness.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

An investigation of the effects of negative air ions on responses to submaximal exercise at different times of day.

The influence of negative air ions on rectal temperature (Tr), heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2) and ventilation (VE) was examined in male subjects (n = 8) at rest and during two successive exercise bouts of 90 W and 180 W, each for 20 min on a cycle ergometer. Exposures at 4 different times of day (01:30, 10:00, 14:00 and 18:00 h) were presented to subjects under experimental and control conditions using a cross-over design. Results indicated that negative air ions significantly reduced resting values of all physiological variables (p between 0.05 and 0.01): these effects tended to disappear under exercise conditions, except for Tr. There was no significant effect of air ions on state anxiety pre- or post-exercise or on the perception of effort (p > 0.05). The significant circadian rhythm in Tr was reduced in amplitude by air ionisation although it retained its normal phase. Results confirm that negative air ions are biologically active and that they do affect the body's circadian rhythmicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of N-glycosides of fetuins from different species and human alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein.

Complex type N-glycosides of commercial bovine fetuin preparations from pooled fetal calf serum have been shown to contain comparable amounts of Gal4,4,4TRI (see structure A below) and Gal4,4,3TRI (structure B) as major asialo-structures. To investigate whether there is a clear genetic specificity for synthesis of these oligosaccharides, N-glycosides from two preparations of bovine fetuin, each from a single calf, were examined. Both of these structures were present in each calf, and there was only a subtle quantitative difference in the ratio of these two structures between the calves. Thus, a specific galactosyltransferase, presumably required for the biosynthesis of the Gal4,4,3TRI structure, may exist in both of these individual calves. Comparison of fetuin N-glycosides was also extended to sheep, pig, and human alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein, the human counterpart of bovine fetuin, using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography of the reducing oligosaccharides as well as HPLC of their pyridinylamino derivatives. The N-glycosides of ovine fetuin also have both Gal4,4,4TRI and Gal4,4,3TRI structures in a ratio similar to that of bovine fetuin. However, the major N-glycoside of porcine fetuin is of a fucosyl biantennary complex type structure (structure C below) and human alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein has an N-glycoside which is almost exclusively a nonfucosylated biantennary structure (structure D). This species-specific presence of N-glycosides of fetuins and comparison with N-glycosides of other glycoproteins suggest that the polypeptide sequence of a glycoprotein may affect its N-glycan structure by regulating the activity of specific glycosyltransferases. [formula: see text]

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1992

Physiology applied to field hockey.

Field hockey is a sport with a long history that has undergone quite rapid and radical change within the past decade. The advent of the synthetic playing surface has changed the technical, tactical and physiological requirements of the game at all levels, but in particular at the elite level. In order to cope with the technical evolution within the game, the hockey player has also had to develop physiologically to meet the physical standards required at elite levels. Analysis of the physiological cost and energy expenditure of playing hockey has placed it in the category of 'heavy exercise', with reported VO2 values during a game of 2.26 L/min. Energy expenditure has been estimated to range from 36 to 50 kJ/min. Physiological profiling of female hockey players has shown that somatotype tends towards 3.5/4.0/2.5. Figures for percentage body fat in female players range from 16 to 26%. Anaerobic power output has been shown to compare favourably with other groups of sportswomen and has also been shown to be a discriminating factor between elite and county level female players. Aerobic power amongst female players has been shown to range from 45 to 59 ml/kg/min. The reported somatotypes of male hockey players have shown considerable variation but there seems to be a trend away from ectomorphy towards mesomorphy. Anaerobic power output in male players has been shown to be the same as that of soccer players and better than other sports, e.g. basketball and also higher than reference norms. The range of aerobic power reported in the literature is 48 to 65 ml/kg/min and it would appear that an aerobic power in excess of 60 ml/kg/min is required for elite level play. The physical strain of hockey play has been shown to be considerable, in particular with respect to spinal shrinkage. There is a greater injury risk inherent in playing on synthetic surfaces than on grass.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Investigation of circadian rhythms in anaerobic power and capacity of the legs.

Previous work has demonstrated that exercise performance varies with time of day. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of time of day on measures of anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity. Twelve male subjects, aged 18-22 years, performed a stair run test, a standing broad jump and the Wingate Anaerobic Test on twelve separate occasions. These were at 02:00, 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00 hours, duplicate measurements being obtained at each time point. Subjects' diet and activity prior to exercise and the laboratory temperature were controlled. Pre-exercise rectal temperature was measured on each occasion. The rectal temperature data conformed to a cosine function: its peak occurred at 18:11 hours and the peak to trough variation was 0.76 degrees C (p < 0.001). There was a rhythm in performance on the stair run and the broad jump tests, in phase with the curve in rectal temperature. Results for peak power and mean power production on the Wingate test did not display a significant circadian rhythm. The stair run and broad jump tests seem to be more sensitive to circadian rhythmicity than does the Wingate Anaerobic Test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Computerisation of primary care in Wales.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information about the computerisation of general practice in Wales, and to enable more effective planning of educational provision for doctors and other primary health care workers. DESIGN: Postal questionnaire sent to all general practices in Wales. SUBJECTS: 553 general practices, of which 401 (73% replied). RESULTS: The level of computerisation varied from 11 (85%) of practices in Powys Family Health Services Authority to 22 (40%) in Mid Glamorgan. Less than half of practices had a computer in only two authorities. The commonest uses of the computer were for patient registration (208 practices), repeat prescribing (180), call and recall of patients (165), and partial clinical records (122). The main suppliers were VAMP (78 practices), AAH Meditel (46), and AMC (23). 102 of 226 practices with a computer had a terminal on each doctor's desk. Just 33 practices had full patient notes on computer and 51 had modems for electronic communication. CONCLUSION: Mechanisms to encourage greater and more sophisticated use of computers and information technology need to be explored.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of some aspects of physical fitness.

Fitness assessment protocols are continually being modified to satisfy current needs of both athletic and non-athletic groups. Laboratory facilities for assessing aerobic fitness have become highly sophisticated with exercise test modalities matched as closely as possible to specific sports. Similar developments have applied to tests of anaerobic power. Among non-athletic populations there is a demand for indirect methods of assessing work capacity by means of submaximal responses and field tests. Such test are now available for use with subjects varying in age, sex, level of fitness and training status. Physical fitness is a multivariate concept and consequently is not amenable to characterisation in a single fitness test.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Changes in stature during exercise and sports training.

Shrinkage in stature is used in ergonomics and sports contexts as an index of load on the spine. Measurement is now computer-aided to facilitate data collection. Applications of the technique to sport and exercise have included evaluations of weight-training, running and jumping drills. The technique has also been employed in assessing procedures for spinal unloading such as gravity inversion. Future applications include investigations of procedures used to prevent back injury as well as studies of sports that impose high transient loads on the spine.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Effect of a weightlifting belt on spinal shrinkage.

Spinal loading during weightlifting results in a loss of stature which has been attributed to a decrease in height of the intervertebral discs--so-called 'spinal shrinkage'. Belts are often used during the lifting of heavy weights, purportedly to support, stabilize and thereby attenuate the load on the spine. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a standard weightlifting belt in attenuating spinal shrinkage. Eight male subjects with a mean age of 24.8 years performed two sequences of circuit weight-training, one without a belt and on a separate occasion with a belt. The circuit training regimen consisted of six common weight-training exercises. These were performed in three sets of ten with a change of exercise after each set of ten repetitions. A stadiometer sensitive to within 0.01 mm was used to record alterations in stature. Measurements of stature were taken before and after completion of the circuit. The absolute visual analogue scale (AVAS) was used to measure the discomfort and pain intensity resulting from each of the two conditions. The circuit weight-training caused stature losses of 3.59mm without the belt and 2.87 mm with the belt (P greater than 0.05). The subjects complained of significantly less discomfort when the belt was worn (P less than 0.05). The degree of shrinkage was significantly correlated (r = 0.752, P less than 0.05) with perceived discomfort but only when the belt was not worn. These results suggest the potential benefits of wearing a weightlifting belt and support the hypothesis that the belt can help in stabilizing the trunk.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A kaleidoscope of Kenya.

BDJ Study Tours cross new frontiers in 1991 with a Study Safari to Kenya on March 18-April 1, 1991. Organised in conjunction, with the Kenya Dental Association, the dental programme will provide opportunities for participants to witness at first-hand dental health care in Kenya. Specialist visits to general dental practice, community clinics and the Kenyatta National Hospital will also be available. In a new venture, BDJ Study Tours will offer a separate itinerary for partners on the Study Safari so whilst the business of dentistry gets under way they can explore additional sights in this fascinating country. So to find out what is in store for all, read on!

Education, Dental↗