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Biomedical subjects

T Reich

Publications and source records attributed to T Reich.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. I. Description and basic properties of the unitary models.

A general linear model of familial resemblance is described which allows for cultural transmission from parent to offspring, polygenic inheritance, phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, maternal and paternal effects, and threshold effects. Three special cases are described in detail which are particularly useful when data are only available about a few classes of relatives reared in intact families. The cultural model, the polygenic model, and the pseudopolygenic model share the common feature that all factors which are transmitted from parent to offspring may be represented by one parameter without any loss of information. We introduce a new model, termed the unitary model, which includes these models and is appropriate when combined genetic and cultural transmission is present and when data are available only for individuals reared in intact nuclear families. The basic properties of these models are explored using path analysis and computer simulation, including description of the relationship between parameters under random and assortative mating, rate of approach to equilibrium, and constraints on the magnitude of the parameters. General formulae for familial resemblance in extended pedigrees are given for any ancestor or descendant of either vertical or collateral relatives. Estimation procedures are described and a FORTRAN program TAU, available upon request, is used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from reported correlations. A powerful test for detecting the presence of cultural transmission is suggested and applied to simulated data and to data sets reported by others for human stature, for which cultural transmission is suggested. In addition, it is shown that there is no need to postulate dominance to account for available data about height.

Environment↗
PubMed1977

Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. I. A methodological review.

This article reviews some methodological aspects of studies of diagnostic reliability in psychiatry. We define and discuss the concept of interrater reliability and review some of the ways in which the design of the reliability study can influence the results. Three basic methodological issues are raised, including: importance of structured interviews and objective diagnostic criteria, the importance of a test/retest vs an interviewer/observer design, and the calculation of reliability in a way that takes chance agreement into account.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. II. The test/retest reliability of diagnostic classification.

In a study of interrater diagnostic reliability, 101 psychiatric inpatients were independently interviewed by physicians using a structured interview. Newly admitted patients were randomly selected and examined by one of three psychiatrists. A second psychiatrist reexamined the same patient about 24 hours later. Interviews from the two examinations were evaluated independently and diagnoses were made on the basis of objective criteria. The degree of diagnostic agreement for the two examinations were calculated using the kappa statistic. Agreement was found to be high as compared to other studies in the psychiatric literature, despite the fact that in most previous investigations diagnoses were not made independently. The results were also compared to studies of reliability of medical judgments. Possible reasons for the high interrater reliability are discussed and include the use of a structured interview and objective diagnostic criteria.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of a screening interview for Briquet syndrome (hysteria) by the study of medically ill women.

A screening interview for Briquet syndrome consisting of 14 symptom questions was administered to a group of 50 medically ill women. No patient was found eligible for a diagnosis of Briquet syndrome, a frequency less than the estimated general population prevalence of 1% to 2%. When symptoms explainable by known organic disorder were considered positive, 14% of patients became eligible for the diagnosis. We consider this a low enough rate to allow screening by lay interviewers. A frequency distribution of symptoms comparing the medically ill women and a group of psychiatric clinic women with Briquet syndrome shows that the Briquet group had both more symptoms and distinctive patterns of symptoms.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Cyclandelate: effect on circulatory measurements and exercise tolerance in chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs.

Thirty-nine patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs were treated with cyclandelate or placebo in a double-blind cross-over study, to evaluate the effect of this drug on symptomatic and physiologic indicators of circulatory status. The following measurements were used: skin temperature of the big toe and dorsum of the foot; blood flow in the calf at rest and after exercise on a foot ergometer to the point of claudication; walking distance to the development of claudication; exercise tolerance on a foot ergometer; and reflex vasoconstriction on the skin of the toe in response to cooling of the upper extremities. During treatment with cyclandelate, significant improvement occurred in each of these measures of circulatory efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Estimating the parameters of the incompletely penetrant single locus model using multiple populations.

A method involving the comparison of two or more populations is suggested as a means of obtaining a unique solution to the parameters of the incompletely penetrant single locus model. The proposed method allows a test of the assumptions of the model when three or more populations are compared. Equations that allow the inclusion of data on twin concordance rates and/or the proportion of affected children given neither, one or both parents affected are also given. Finally, some implications of fitting the model are discussed in terms of genetic counseling, residual environmental variance and the concept of heritability as applied to dichotomous traits.

Female↗
PubMed1977

[Variation of morphometric measurements in bone biopsies (author's transl)].

The variation of histomorphometric data in a bone biopsy cylinder of the iliac crest was determined in order to derive a rule of the sampling procedure in such a biopsy specimen. Measurements in different cylinders of a biopsy zone in the right and the left iliac crest were obtained in order to determine the magnitude of change necessary for the recognition of therapeutic or spontaneous alterations performing sequential biopsies.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

Limits of the general two-allele single locus model with incomplete penetrance.

A graphical method is presented that allows an investigator to find the mathematical limits of the general one locus two allele genetic model for any trait whose population prevalence is known. It is seen that while the model is quite flexible in its ability to fit family data, there remains a large area where the model cannot be fitted. Specific sub-regions corresponding to particular hypotheses (e.g. underdominant v. intermediate v. overdominant) can be found, thereby limiting the area that needs to be searched by other more complicated techniques. Moreover, knowledge of where a set of observations lies can enable an investigator to frame and test specific subhypotheses.

Alleles↗
PubMed1976

[Problems regarding gasometric analysis when umbilical cord blood specimens are stored (author's transl)].

If, as is often the case in routine practice, the gasometric analysis cannot be conducted immediately after withdrawal of the blood specimen, this does not have important consequences for the clinical. When the blood specimens are stored in open glass tubes, the alterations are all within the demands made of the method for measurement accuracy. As far as the purely clinical problem is concerned, it would even be possible to let the umbilical cord itself set for up to 90 minutes. Discrepancies between the gas status from blood specimens measured late and the Apgar score cannot be explained by storing and, insofar as errors in measurement are not involved, can represent an important piece of informations for the diagnosis of the condition of the newborn.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1975

Calf blood flow in intermittent claudication.

Calf blood flow was correlated with severity of symptoms in 24 patients with intermittent claudication. Calf blood flow was measured (Whitney strain gauge) at three levels of demand--at rest, after exercise ("open"), and after exercise with total vascular occlusion by a tourniquet about the thigh ("closed"). The results showed significant correlation between the patients' reported capacity to walk and measured exercise tolerance on an ergometer (P less than or equal to .01). The coefficients of correlation between exercise tolerance and calf blood flow (resting, postopen or postclosed exercise) or the vascular reserve (difference between postopen and postclosed exercise hyperemia) were not significant. It is concluded that capacity for walking in cases of intermittent claudication is not a reliable index of the calf blood flow. The relationship between these factors would be clearer if the patients pain threshold and calf tissue metabolic activity were known also.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Organic brain dysfunction as a possible consequence of postgastrectomy hypoglycemia.

Unlike the fasting hypoglycemias, the reactive hypoglycemias, including postgastrectomy hypoglycemia, are generally not believed to result in serious neuropsychiatric dysfunction. The authors describe two patients with progressive mental deterioration and alimentary hypoglycemia and suggest that clinicians should recognize the possibility of serious neuropsychiatric sequelae of postgastrectomy hypoglycemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Premenstrual affective syndrome and affective disorder.

Sixty-four per cent of 874 freshmen and sophomore women sent questionnaires about premenstrual and menstrual symptoms returned them. They differed from those not returning the questionnaires only in year of school. As predicted, women reporting premenstrual affective symptoms were more likely than those who did not report them to seek psychiatric care at the Student Health Service and to be diagnosed as affective disorder at the service.

Affective Symptoms↗