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Biomedical subjects

T R Nagy

Publications and source records attributed to T R Nagy.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Fat distribution and insulin response in prepubertal African American and white children.

Ethnic differences in obesity-related disease prevalence may relate to differences in fat distribution or metabolism. We conducted a study in 73 African American and white children to examine the relation between fat distribution and insulin and to determine whether ethnic differences in fat distribution or in adiposity-insulin relations contribute to differences in insulin concentrations. Fasting and postchallenge insulin concentrations were determined by oral-glucose-tolerance test, total body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and subcutaneous abdominal (SAAT) and intraabdominal (IAAT) adipose tissue by computerized tomography. African Americans had greater fasting insulin (x +/- SD: 79 +/- 37 compared with 55 +/- 23 pmol/L, P < 0.01), incremental 30-min insulin (567 +/- 438 compared with 300 +/- 304 pmol/L, P < 0.001), and incremental area under the insulin curve (AUC; 262 +/- 209 compared with 164 +/- 156 pmol/L, P < 0.01). In multiple linear regression, fasting insulin was independently related to total fat within both ethnic groups (model R2 = 0.42 and 0.52 for African Americans and whites, respectively), incremental 30-min insulin to total fat and IAAT in whites only (model R2 = 0.71), and AUC to SAAT in African Americans only (model R2 = 0.49). Adjusting insulin indexes for adiposity did not eliminate the significant effect of ethnicity. In general, relations between adiposity and insulin were stronger in whites than in African Americans. African American children had higher insulin concentrations than white children after total body fat, IAAT, and SAAT were controlled for. However, strong relations between adiposity (total and abdominal) and insulin in both groups suggest that obesity may contribute to disease risk regardless of ethnicity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Influence of sex, seasonality, ethnicity, and geographic location on the components of total energy expenditure in young children: implications for energy requirements.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the influence of body composition, sex, seasonality, ethnicity, and geographic location on the components of energy expenditure in children. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the determinants of total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), and activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) in children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from 232 children (4-10 y of age) from 4 ethnic groups (white American, African American, Guatemalan Mestizo, and Native American Mohawk) were examined. RESULTS: In 104 white children studied in Vermont and Alabama, TEE was significantly higher in spring than in fall, higher in boys than in girls, and higher in children in Vermont (all effects: approximately 0.42 MJ/d, P < 0.05). The significant effect of sex was explained through REE; the influences of season and location were explained through AEE. In all children, there was no effect of sex but a significant effect of ethnicity (P < 0.01) on TEE: a significant effect of sex (P < 0.01) and no effect of ethnicity (P = 0.16) on REE; and no effect of sex and a significant effect of ethnicity on AEE. The significant effects of ethnicity were due to lower values in Guatemalan children. TEE correlated most strongly with weight (r = 0.81) and fat-free mass (r = 0.79-0.81); REE with weight (r = 0.85) and fat-free mass (r = 0.80-0.87); and AEE with maximal oxygen consumption (r = 0.54), fat-free mass (r = 0.50), and fat mass (r = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Season and location influenced TEE in children through their effects on AEE, 2) a higher REE in boys was consistent across all groups examined, 3) Guatemalan children had lower TEE due to a lower AEE, 4) body weight may be the best predictor of TEE, and 5) maximal oxygen consumption was the strongest marker of AEE.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1998

Total, resting, and activity-related energy expenditures are similar in Caucasian and African-American children.

There is some evidence to suggest that ethnic differences in energy expenditure in adults may modulate different propensities for obesity. However, there is lack of data for the components of energy expenditure in young children of different ethnic backgrounds. In this study, we examined total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), and physical activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) in healthy prepubertal Caucasian (18 girls, 21 boys) and African-American (29 girls, 30 boys) children. TEE was measured over 14 days under free-living conditions with the doubly labeled water technique, REE was from indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast, and AEE was estimated from the difference between TEE and REE after reducing TEE by 10% to account for the thermic effect of feeding. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant effects of ethnicity or gender on TEE after adjustment for FFM or for both FFM and FM. For REE, there was no effect of ethnicity, but a significant effect of gender, with a higher REE in boys after adjustment for FFM and FM (P < 0.001). For AEE, there were no significant effects of ethnicity or gender after adjustment for FFM or for FFM and FM. In conclusion, ethnicity was not a significant determinant for any of the components of energy expenditure. TEE, REE, and AEE were similar in Caucasian and African-American prepubertal children after adjustment for FFM or for FFM and FM.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1998

Spontaneous testicular regression in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) exposed to prolonged long photoperiod.

Reproductive maturation and attainment of maximal gonadal size in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) is facilitated by transfer from a short photoperiod (8 h light: 16 h dark) to a long photoperiod (22 h light:2 h dark). However, reproductive maturation in lemmings born in 22 h light:2 h dark is impeded by exposure to the natal photoperiod of 22 h light:2 h dark. Data from adult lemmings suggest that prolonged exposure to a long photoperiod of 20 h light:4 h dark results in gonadal regression. The present experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that adult lemmings exposed to a prolonged long photoperiod undergo testicular regression. Male collared lemmings were transferred at weaning (19 days of age) from the natal photoperiod of 8 h light:16 h dark to one of two long photoperiods: 22 h light:2 h dark or 24 h light:0 h dark (constant light). Gonadal mass was maximal in both groups 10 weeks after weaning. However, 20 weeks after weaning, gonadal mass in both groups was low (relative to that at 10 weeks), suggesting that regression had occurred. When testes mass was maximal 10 weeks after weaning, animals were transferred in groups from 22 h light:2 h dark to one of several shorter photoperiods: 20 h light:4 h dark, 18 h light:6 h dark, 16 h light:8 h dark, or 8 h light:16 h dark. Testes mass 20 weeks after weaning was greatest, that is, not different from maximal, in animals from the 20 h light:4 h dark and 18 h light:6 h dark groups, intermediate in animals from the 16 h light:8 h dark group, and low in animals from the 8 h light:16 h dark group. These observations indicate that transfer from 22 h light:2 h dark to a slightly shorter photoperiod permits maintenance of gonadal size, but transfer to a short photoperiod causes testicular regression. Body weight, bifid claw width and pelage colour did not change during spontaneous gonadal regression in animals housed in a long photoperiod for 20 weeks. These results suggest that prolonged exposure to an unchanging long photoperiod causes spontaneous testicular regression, and that photoperiod regulates reproductive and somatic parameters independently.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Developmental changes in energy expenditure and physical activity in children: evidence for a decline in physical activity in girls before puberty.

OBJECTIVE: To examine individual changes in energy expenditure and physical activity during prepubertal growth in boys and girls. METHODS: Total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure, physical activity-related energy expenditure, reported physical activity, and fat and fat-free mass were measured three times over 5 years in 11 boys (5.3 +/- 0.9 years at baseline) and 11 girls (5.5 +/- 0.9 years at baseline). RESULTS: Four-year increases in fat ( approximately 6 kg) and fat-free mass ( approximately 10 kg) and resting energy expenditure ( approximately 200 kcal/day) were similar in boys and girls. In boys, TEE increased at each measurement year, whereas in girls, there was an initial increase from age 5.5 (1365 +/- 330 kcal/day) to age 6.5 (1815 +/- 392 kcal/day); however, by age 9.5, TEE was reduced significantly (1608 +/- 284 kcal/day) with no change in energy intake. The gender difference in TEE changes over time was explained by a 50% reduction in physical activity (kcal/day and hours/week) in girls between the ages of 6.5 and 9.5. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a gender dimorphism in the developmental changes in energy expenditure before adolescence, with a conservation of energy use in girls achieved through a marked reduction in physical activity.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1997

Physical activity related energy expenditure and fat mass in young children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether body fat content in pre-pubertal children is influenced by physical activity related energy expenditure (AEE) and/or more qualitative aspects of physical activity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECT: 101 pre-pubertal children were examined in Study 1: (age: 5.3 +/- 0.9 y; weight: 20.2 +/- 3.6 kg). In Study 2: 68 of the original children were re-examined (age: 6.3 +/- 0.9 y; weight: 23.6 +/- 5.0 y). MEASUREMENT: Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were determined by bioelectrical resistance and skinfolds; AEE was estimated from the difference between total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water and post-prandial resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry; qualitative information on activity was derived by questionnaire. RESULTS: AEE was significantly correlated with FFM (r = 0.32 in both Studies) and body weight (r = 0.28 in Study 1; r = 0.29 in Study 2), but not FM. There were no significant relationships between AEE and any of the variables from the activity questionnaire in children (including TV time, playing time, and an accumulated activity index in h/week). After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, FM was inversely related to activity time in h/week (partial r = -0.24 in Study 1; partial r = -0.32 in Study 2) but not AEE (P > 0.5). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, a small portion of the variance in body fat mass in children (approximately 10%) is explained by time devoted to recreational activity, whereas none of the variance is explained by the combined daily energy expenditure related to physical activity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Visceral fat in white and African American prepubertal children.

The objectives of this study were 1) to examine interrelations among intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and other adiposity indexes, 2) to identify a visceral obesity index that is independent of total adiposity, and 3) to examine sex and ethnic (white compared with African American) differences in IAAT. We measured IAAT and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) using computed tomography, and total fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a heterogenous sample of 101 children aged 7.7 +/- 1.6 y weighing 33.2 +/- 12.6 kg. IAAT was highly variable (mean +/- SE; 31 +/- 22 cm2; range: 7-107 cm2) and related to SAAT (r = 0.87) and FM (r = 0.81). The regression slope between IAAT and SAAT was significantly lower in African Americans (0.17 +/- 0.02 cm2 IATT/cm2 SAAT) than in whites (0.23 +/- 0.02 cm2 IAAT/cm2 SAAT). Within each ethnic group there was no effect of sex on IAAT adjusted for SAAT (mean +/- SE: 40.2 +/- 3.1 and 43.2 +/- 2.7 cm2 in white boys and girls, respectively; 26.4 +/- 1.9 and 25.1 +/- 1.6 cm2 in African American boys and girls, respectively). We conclude that in children 1) there is wide variation in visceral fatness; 2) IAAT relative to SAAT is an index of visceral fat, independent of FM, allowing examination of the unique effects of IAAT; and 3) the relative distribution of adipose tissue in the intraabdominal compared with the subcutaneous abdominal region is significantly lower in African Americans than in whites.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

Maximal aerobic capacity in African-American and Caucasian prepubertal children.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in resting, submaximal, and maximal (VO2max) oxygen consumption (VO2) in African-American (n = 44) and Caucasian (n = 31) prepubertal children aged 5-10 yr. Resting VO2 was measured via indirect calorimetry in the fasted state. Submaximal VO2 and VO2max were determined during an all out, progressive treadmill exercise test appropriate for children. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine total fat mass (FM), soft lean tissue mass (LTM), and leg soft LTM. Doubly labeled water was used to determine total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE). A significant effect of ethnicity (P < 0.01) was found for VO2max but not resting or submaximal VO2, with African-American children having absolute VO2max approximately 15% lower than Caucasian children (1.21 +/- 0.032 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.031 l/min, respectively). The lower VO2max persisted in African-American children after adjustment for soft LTM (1.23 +/- 0.025 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.031 l/min; P < 0.01), leg soft LTM (1.20 +/- 0.031 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.042 l/min; P < 0.01), and soft LTM and FM (1.23 +/- 0.025 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.031 l/min; P < 0.01). The lower VO2max persisted also after adjustment for TEE (1.20 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.38 +/- 0.0028 l/min P < 0.001) and AEE (1.20 +/- 0.024 vs. 1.38 +/- 0.028 l/min; P < 0.001). In conclusion, our data indicate that African-American and Caucasian children have similar rates of VO2 at rest and during submaximal exercise, but VO2max is approximately 15% lower in African-American children, independent of soft LTM, FM, leg LTM, TEE, and AEE.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

Serum leptin and energy expenditure in children.

Leptin has been hypothesized to play an important role in energy balance by affecting both energy intake and energy expenditure. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between fasting serum leptin concentrations and measures of energy expenditure in prepubertal children. We measured total energy expenditure (TEE; by the doubly labeled water technique), resting energy expenditure (REE; after an overnight fast), activity energy expenditure (AEE; TEE-REE), body composition (by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and fasting serum leptin concentration (by RIA) in 76 children. Simple correlations showed that all measures of energy expenditure (TEE, REE, and AEE) were positively related to the serum leptin concentration (r = 0.50, P < 0.001; r = 0.45, P < 0.001; and r = 0.30, P < 0.01, respectively). However, after adjusting for body composition (fat-free mass and fat mass), gender, and ethnicity, serum leptin concentrations were not related to any measure of energy expenditure (TEE, P = 0.61; REE, P = 0.97; AEE, P = 0.65). These latter findings were further confirmed using structural equation models with leptin and energy expenditure as dependent variables, and fat-free mass and fat mass as independent variables. Results from these models showed no direct effect of leptin and no indirect effect of fat mass (through leptin) on any measure of energy expenditure, when a path between fat mass and energy expenditure was present in the model. Thus, our data do not support the hypothesis that the serum leptin concentration (independent of fat mass) is related to measures of energy expenditure in children.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Effects of gender, ethnicity, body composition, and fat distribution on serum leptin concentrations in children.

The Ob protein leptin has been shown to be closely correlated with measures of body fat in humans and animals. Studies have suggested that there are both gender and ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations, even after controlling for total and relative body fat and body mass index. We hypothesized that gender and ethnic differences in serum leptin concentrations are due to differences in both body composition and body fat distribution. We measured fasting serum leptin concentration, body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and body fat distribution (intraabdominal and sc abdominal adipose tissue by computed tomography) in 74 prepubertal boys and girls (43 African-Americans and 31 Caucasians). Our results showed that gender differences in serum leptin concentrations could not be fully explained by differences in body mass index, total fat mass, or relative body composition. However, when serum leptin concentrations were adjusted for differences in relative body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and body fat distribution (sc and intraabdominal adipose tissue), gender no longer had an independent effect on the serum leptin concentration. Serum leptin concentrations were not influenced by ethnicity. Thus, when comparing group differences in serum leptin concentrations, it is necessary to adequately control for group differences in body composition and fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Alteration of testicular response to long photoperiod by transient exposure to short photoperiod in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus).

The reproductive response of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) to photoperiod is unique for rodents. Whereas most reproductively photoresponsive rodents show maximal gonadal growth when exposed to long photoperiod (long day), collared lemmings show delayed maturation when born and maintained under this condition. However, transfer of lemmings from short photoperiod (short day) to long day results in maximal gonadal growth, indicating that the response to long day depends upon photoperiod history. We hypothesized that the slowing of maturation observed in animals born and maintained on long day reflects an inability to respond fully to long day, resulting from the absence of previous exposure to short day. To determine whether young lemmings born in long day are capable of being stimulated by long day, we exposed them at weaning (19 days of age) to 1, 6 or 10 weeks of short day, and then challenged them with a second exposure to long day. Relative to animals transferred permanently to short day at weaning, lemmings exposed to 6 weeks of short day showed accelerated gonadal growth after both 5 and 10 weeks of subsequent exposure to long day, and those exposed to 10 weeks of short day had larger testes after 6 weeks of long day. Thus, during transient exposure to short day, the animals acquired sensitivity to the stimulatory effects of long day. The responses of body mass, bifid claw width and pelage colour to the photoperiod manipulations did not parallel that of the gonads, indicating independent regulation of somatic and reproductive parameters. The unique way in which the reproductive system of collared lemmings responds to photoperiod may reflect evolution in an environment where the production of offspring during periods of unchanging long day (for example, the Arctic summer) is not selectively advantageous.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influence of photoperiod, time, and sex on hormone concentrations in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus).

Collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) of both sexes show seasonal changes in body mass and body composition. Previous studies using single-point sampling indicated that, in young males, these photoperiod-mediated changes are associated with changes in circulating growth hormone (GH), corticosterone (B), and thyroid hormones. The present study was conducted to (1) examine daily fluctuations in serum levels of GH, B, and thyroxine (T4) in animals exposed to long (22L:2D, "LD"), intermediate (16L:8D, "ID"), and short (8L:16D, "SD") photoperiods, (2) confirm that conclusions based on single-point sampling are valid when photoperiod-related differences in hormone concentration are examined over 24 hr, (3) examine the effect of photoperiod on hormone concentrations in adults of both sexes, and (4) characterize the daily pineal melatonin rhythm in this species. Adult male and female collared lemmings housed in SD had higher levels of GH, and lower levels of B and T4, even when the diurnal variations in serum concentrations of these hormones were taken into account. A significant effect of time was observed on serum B (ID animals only) and serum T4. ID lemmings had B levels that were similar to those of SD animals, but concentrations of GH that more closely resembled those of LD animals. Females had lower GH and T4 than males. Pineal melatonin concentration closely tracked the dark phase of the day in each of the three photoperiods. Photoperiod-mediated changes in melatonin synthesis may mediate observed day length-related differences in serum concentrations of metabolic hormones, which in turn may contribute to the seasonal changes in body composition observed in collared lemmings.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cross-calibration of fat and lean measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to pig carcass analysis in the pediatric body weight range.

The objective of this study was to cross-calibrate measurements of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with chemical analysis of carcasses of pigs in the pediatric range of body weight. Eighteen pigs (25.5 +/- 7.0 kg; 9.9-32.8% body fat) were scanned in duplicate by using DXA with a Lunar DPX-L densitometer in the pediatric medium and adult fast-detail scan modes. Pigs were then killed and their carcasses analyzed completely. Carcass lean and fat contents were highly correlated with DXA measurement in both scan modes (Pearson r values > 0.98). For lean mass, the relation between carcass content and DXA measures was not significantly different from the line of identity in the adult mode, but was in the pediatric mode. For fat mass, the relations between carcass content and DXA measures were significantly different from the line of identity in both the adult and pediatric modes. In duplicate scans, the reliability of DXA measures of lean mass and fat mass was excellent in both scan modes. Because neither the adult nor the pediatric scan mode provided accurate measures of fat and lean mass, we derived specific correction factors to improve the measurement of total fat and lean compartments, thereby calibrating the Lunar DPX-L to the laboratory standard of carcass analysis in pigs.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Cross-calibration of body-composition techniques against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in young children.

Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a standard method for determining body composition in children, we evaluated the accuracy of skinfold-thickness measurements (with the Slaughter et al equations, which are based on triceps and calf skinfold-thickness measurements), bioelectrical resistance (BR; with the Kushner el al equations and age-specific hydration constants), and other clinical measurements (individual skinfold thicknesses and body mass index) for the assessment of body fat in children. We studied a heterogenous group of 49 boys and 49 girls, aged 6.6 +/- 1.4 y and weighing 24.1 +/- 5.9 kg. Fat mass estimated by DXA was significantly lower than fat mass measured by skinfold thickness, even though fat mass measurements by these two techniques were strongly related to each other. Fat mass estimated by DXA was also significantly lower than fat mass measured by BR, and the model R2 and SEE were not as strong as for the skinfold-thickness technique. Fat mass estimated by DXA also correlated with other clinical indexes such as triceps skinfold thickness, body mass index, body weight, and subscapular skinfold thickness. In forward-regression analysis, subscapular skinfold thickness, body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, sex, and height2/resistance estimated the value for fat mass measured by DXA with a model R2 of 0.91 and an SEE of 0.94 kg fat mass. These studies suggest that existing techniques for assessing body fat in children may be inaccurate. We provide new anthropometric equations based on the use of DXA as a criterion that provide accurate and precise measures of body fat and fat-free mass in white children aged 4-9 y. This approach provides estimates of body fat standardized to a known laboratory standard of chemical analysis of carcasses.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Determinants of basal fat oxidation in healthy Caucasians.

In a retrospective study, we examined several determinants of basal fat oxidation in 720 healthy Caucasian volunteers. Adult men (n = 427) and women (n = 293) were characterized for resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry (after a 12-h overnight fast), peak O2 consumption by a treadmill test to exhaustion, body composition by hydrodensitometry, food intake from a 3-day food diary, and hormonal status by fasting hormone concentrations. Fat oxidation was negatively correlated with fat mass in men (r = -0.11; P < 0.05), but no statistical relationship was found in women. In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, fat oxidation was best predicted by peak O2 consumption and fat-free mass in men (model R2 = 0.142) and by free thyroxine, fat-free mass, and fasting insulin in women (model R2 = 0.153). Relative rates of fat oxidation (fat oxidation adjusted for differences in resting energy expenditure) were not correlated with fat mass in either gender. Women showed a lower rate of basal fat oxidation (both absolute and adjusted) than did men. Our results show that fat oxidation is not greater in individuals with a greater fat mass. Furthermore, our results support a sexual dimorphism in basal rates of fat oxidation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of the pre-testing environment on measurement of metabolic rate in children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine two different protocols for measurement of metabolic rate (MR) in children. DESIGN: MR was first measured under typical basal conditions employed in adults and then compared to an alternative protocol in which the measurements were performed in post-prandial state. Repeat measurements were performed for the post-prandial protocol. SUBJECTS: The cross-over study was performed in 19 healthy children, and the reliability data were provided from 169 observations in children. All children were 4-9 years of age. MEASUREMENTS: Basal MR was measured in the morning in the fasted state after children spent the night at The Clinical Research Center. Measurements were repeated 2 weeks later after children reported to the laboratory after consuming their normal breakfast at home (post-prandial). Body composition was measured using bioelectrical resistance. RESULTS: MR was approximately 11% higher under post-prandial conditions (1165 +/- 151 kcal/day vs 1050 +/- 151 kcal/day; p < 0.001 by paired t-test). Respiratory quotient (RQ) was approximately 3% higher under post prandial conditions (0.94 +/- 0.03 vs 0.91 +/- 0.05; p < 0.001 by paired t-test). The correlation between MR and fat free mass was stronger when measurements were performed under post-prandial (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) vs basal conditions (r = 0.64; p < 0.005). The coefficient of variation for 169 repeat measurements using the post-prandial protocol averaged 5.4 +/- 4.1% for MR and 2.9 +/- 2.2% for RQ. CONCLUSIONS: The stronger correlation between MR and fat free mass during post prandial measurements implies that the less stringent testing conditions improves compliance during measurement and provides the environment for reproducible measurements. We propose an alternative protocol for determination of post-prandial metabolic rate in children that is reliable, practical and can be potentially applied in a clinical setting.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1995

Obesity in children: recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition.

In this paper we review recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition studies in prepubescent children and the relationship to childhood obesity. Our review on energy expenditure focusses on studies of total energy expenditure using doubly labeled water, the role of energy expenditure in the development of obesity, and the determinants of resting energy expenditure in children. The relatively few studies that have examined the regulation of energy and macronutrient intake in children are also reviewed. In terms of body composition, we focus on recent methodological studies that have developed existing techniques for application to the pediatric population, including dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical resistance. Lastly, we review existing information relating to measurement and alteration of body fat distribution in children.

Body Composition↗