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Biomedical subjects

T Okuma

Publications and source records attributed to T Okuma.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

A double-blind study of adjunctive carbamazepine versus placebo on excited states of schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders.

A multi-institutional double-blind study comparing the therapeutic effect of adjunctive carbamazepine and placebo with standard neuroleptic treatment was performed on 162 patients with DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenic (n = 127) or schizoaffective disorders (n = 35) who had excited states or aggressive/violent behavior that responded unsatisfactorily to neuroleptic treatment. The patients participated in a 4-week trial of carbamazepine plus neuroleptics (n = 82) or placebo plus neuroleptics (n = 80). The sum of patients with marked and moderate improvement was modestly larger in the carbamazepine group (48 vs. 30%, P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the carbamazepine and placebo groups in the changes of total BPRS scores, although the carbamazepine group showed more improvement on the items suspiciousness, uncooperativeness and excitement. The results suggest that carbamazepine, when used in combination with neuroleptics, is a useful drug for the treatment of excited states of patients with schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Response of the ligamentous lumbar spine to cyclic bending loads.

The effect of a "pure" cyclic flexion bending moment on the three-dimensional load-displacement behavior of fresh ligamentous lumbar spine was investigated. The load-displacement behavior, for 11 L1-sacrum specimens, pre- and post-cyclic fatigue bending tests were quantified using a Selspot II system. A special fixture was designed to mount the specimen within the MTS system to administer "pure" cyclic flexion bending, under displacement control, for 5 hours. The testing was accomplished in a 100% humidity chamber at 0.5 Hz. The maximum cyclic bending moment, based on the literature dealing with loads experienced by the spine during activities involving lifting, was set at 3.0 Nm. An increase in motion of the order of 10% in the extension loading mode was observed. The increase in motion in other loading modes was not significant. In the extension loading mode, the increase in the anteroposterior displacement (retrodisplacement) in general was higher than the corresponding rotation component. The results suggest that the bending moment of low magnitude, usually experienced by the spine during activities of daily living, alone may not trigger the mechanical failure processes in the disc. The presence of high axial compressive loads on the disc seems to be the main contributing factor in this process. The presence of bending moments and axial twist along with axial compressive load may accelerate the unstable processes leading to low back pain.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Level diagnosis of cervical myelopathy using evoked spinal cord potentials.

The ESCPs (evoked spinal cord potentials) resulting from both median nerve and spinal cord stimulation were recorded from the interlaminar yellow ligaments posteriorly or intervertebral discs anteriorly on patients with cervical myelopathy in order to determine the most significant lesion in the spinal cord electrophysiologically. The normal median-nerve-evoked spinal cord potential (MN-ESCP) consisted of P1N1 and N2(P2) deflections, while normal spinal cord-ascending evoked spinal cord potential (SC-AESCP) consisted of N1 and N2 deflections. The abnormal ESCPs obtained from 65 patients were classified into three grades. The spinal level recording the highest grade of ESCP, which was mostly positive wave, generally corresponded to the level that was clearly diagnosed as the main lesion by neurologic and radiologic examinations, such as a case of single level disc hernia. With these techniques, the level diagnostic rates of primary lesions were 94.7% in posterior recordings and 74.1% in anterior recordings.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Level diagnosis of cervical myelopathy using evoked spinal cord action potentials--clinical and experimental studies].

The ESCAPs (evoked spinal cord action potentials) due to both median nerve and spinal cord stimulation were recorded from the interlaminal yellow ligaments posteriorly or intervertebral discs anteriorly on 12 neurologically normal adults, 50 patients with cervical myelopathy and 10 cats in order to determine the main lesion in the cervical cord electrophysiologically. The abnormal ESCAPs obtained from 50 patients with cervical myelopathy were classified into three groups as follows: Grade 1; slightly abnormal, Grade 2; moderately abnormal and Grade 3; severely abnormal which had the positive wave. In general, there was a tendency that the patients graded higher had lower evaluating score of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. The spinal level on which the highest grade of ESCAPs was recorded generally corresponded to the level which was clearly diagnosed as the main lesion by neurological and radiological examinations, such as the case of single level disc hernia. Therefore, it has become possible to diagnose the main lesion of cervical myelopathy by recording ESCAPs.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Saccadic eye movements in tracking, fixation, and rest in schizophrenic and normal subjects.

Horizontal eye movements were recorded electrooculographically during two different eye fixation tasks, during an eyes-closed waking state, and during eye tracking on a sinusoidally moving target in 16 chronic schizophrenics and in 12 normal subjects. The relationship between saccadic eye movements during tracking and in the other experimental situations was investigated. The intensities of eye fixation were successively decreased from Experiment I (eye fixation on a stationary target) through Experiment II (eye fixation on an imagined spot in the dark) to Experiment III (eyes closed in the dark, no cue for eye fixation), in that order. The frequency of saccades increased as the intensities of fixation decreased from Experiment I to Experiment III in both schizophrenic and normal groups. It was demonstrated that the frequency of saccades was higher in schizophrenics than in normal subjects in all of the experimental conditions. Some correlations were found between the increased frequency of saccades seen during eye tracking and the similar increases seen in eyes-fixated or eyes-closed states in schizophrenic subjects. It is suggested that the increased saccades seen during eye tracking and in other experimental conditions in schizophrenics are related to a deficit of nonvoluntary attention, due to a failure of an inhibitory mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Affective disorders in mentally retarded adolescents--report of two cases with lithium treatment.

Two cases of moderately retarded adolescents with affective disorders have been treated for nine and five years, respectively. Rapid cycling episodes were seen in early adolescence and a long duration of episodes appeared in late adolescence. A two-year lithium therapy was able to control them fairly well but did not work as a prophylaxis. Lithium carbonate induced polydipsia or personality change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relative advance of eye movement to the target in the rightward tracking in schizophrenics.

Time relationship between the horizontal smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) and tracking target in the leftward or rightward tracking was investigated in 28 normal and 25 chronic schizophrenic subjects. Normal subjects were more liable to show a relative advance of SPEM in relation to the target in the leftward pursuit than in the rightward pursuit. These findings suggest that the spatial task such as SPEM depends more on the right hemispheric function in normal subjects. On the other hand, many of schizophrenic subjects showed a relative advance of SPEM to the target in the rightward pursuit. These findings suggest the dominance of the left hemispheric function in eye tracking tasks in schizophrenic subjects. The finding in the present study would support the hypothesis of the left hemispheric overactivation in the schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine in bipolar disorders.

It has been demonstrated in open trials as well as double-blind controlled trials that carbamazepine has therapeutic as well as prophylactic efficacy on bipolar disorders. Antimanic effect will be achieved with 400 to 1200 mg/day at blood levels of 6 to 12 micrograms/ml. Antidepressant effect is less certain. Prophylactic effect may be achieved with 200 to 600 mg at blood level of around 6 micrograms/ml. Incidence of adverse reaction is relatively low. Its usefulness as antimanic and prophylactic treatments for affective illness may rank with lithium treatment, and it is recommended particularly in cases which do not respond to lithium treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Clinical use of the serum level of immuno-suppressive acidic protein (IAP) in gastroenterological surgery].

Between September, 1981 and August, 1982, the IAP serum levels were measured in 151 patients to evaluate the correlation between these levels and the clinical spectrum. Pre- and postoperative IAP levels were also compared with the hospital course. Abnormally high IAP levels (greater than 450 micrograms/ml) were observed in malignant diseases, especially in patients with cancer of the pancreas, choledochus, gall-bladder, and esophagus. Of 193 patients, 81 revealed abnormal levels; 28 of these (34.6%) died during this study. The average of their survival time was 2.7 months. Nine of 81 patients (11.1%) experienced severe complications, but recovered. On the other hand, 112 patients with normal IAP levels had a relatively good hospital course; 9 (8%) died. None of the 112 patients experienced any complications. These results suggest that the IAP level may be a good tool in predicting clinical features and prognoses.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Model insomnia by methylphenidate and caffeine and use in the evaluation of temazepam.

Experimental sleep disturbances (model insomnia) were produced by the administration of methylphenidate (MPD) 10 mg and caffeine (CAF) 150 mg. The effect of temazepam (TEM), 15 mg or 30 mg, on the model was investigated. All-night polysomnography was performed on 8 normal young male subjects under each of the following 9 conditions: baseline, MPD 10 mg, CAF 150 mg, TEM 15 mg, TEM 30 mg, MPD + TEM 15 mg, MPD + TEM 30 mg, CAF + TEM 15 mg, CAF + TEM 30 mg. A reduction in total sleep time and total amount of stage REM (S-REM) sleep and an increase in the sleep latency and wake time (S-W) were observed in both the MPD and CAF nights. The sleep latency was significantly longer in the CAF night than in the MPD night. Administration of TEM 15 mg or TEM 30 mg alone caused very few modifications in the sleep parameters. These drugs in combination with MPD or CAF resulted in almost complete recovery of the sleep disturbance induced by MPD or CAF. The results indicate that CAF and MPD produced similar models of insomnia except for a greater sleep latency for CAF than for MPD. Both models were useful in the evaluation of hypnotic drugs such as temazepam.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A preliminary double-blind study on the efficacy of carbamazepine in prophylaxis of manic-depressive illness.

A preliminary double-blind controlled study on the prophylactic effect of carbamazepine on recurrent manic-depressive psychotics was conducted with 22 patients using an inert placebo in ten subjects as a control drug. Carbamazepine in the dosage of 200-600 mg was administered for 1 year. Among the 22 carbamazepine subjects, carbamazepine was found to be effective in 60% of the cases and inert placebo in 22.2% (U-test, P less than 0.10). It is suggested that carbamazepine is a useful drug for the prophylaxis of manic-depressive illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Differential sensitivity to the effects of psychotropic drugs: psychotics vs normals; Asian vs Western populations.

The effects and side-effects of psychotropic drugs are determined by many variables, and the host factor is one of the most important. A lower sensitivity of schizophrenics than normals to the sedative effect of chlorpromazine and a manic depressives to imipramine were demonstrated quantitatively by a higher percent time of waking EEG following medication. The mean therapeutic dose of chlorpromazine for the manic state was found to be much lower in Japanese than in Western populations in a controlled study comparing the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and chlorpromazine. A lower therapeutic dose in Asian populations has been reported also on other antipsychotic drugs, lithium, and tricyclic antidepressants. The lower therapeutic dose level was discussed from the standpoint of transcultural psychopharmacology.

Bipolar Disorder↗