Biomedical subjects

T Nobori

Publications and source records attributed to T Nobori.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Elevated levels of soluble fibrin or D-dimer indicate high risk of thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Fibrin-related markers such as soluble fibrin (SF) and D-dimer are considered useful for the diagnosis of thrombosis. However, the evidence for diagnosis of thrombosis by fibrin-related markers is not well-established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cutoff values of D-dimer and SF in the diagnosis of thrombosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma concentrations of SF and D-dimer were measured in 784 inpatients suspected of having thrombosis between 1 August 2003 and 31 December 2004, and then correlated with thrombosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Plasma concentrations of D-dimer and SF were significantly higher in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and cerebral thrombosis, compared with those in patients without thrombosis. When cutoff values of > 3.0 microg mL(-1) for D-dimer and > 6.0 microg mL(-1) for SF were used for the diagnosis, more than 50% of patients (with the exception of liver transplant patients and postoperative patients) had thrombosis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that SF was more useful than D-dimer for the diagnosis of thrombosis (i.e. DVT and DIC). The cutoff value of D-dimer (7.87 microg mL(-1)) was the same for DVT and DIC, while that of SF was slightly lower for DVT (7.05 microg mL(-1)) than for DIC (8.60 microg mL(-1)). Our findings suggest that high levels of plasma fibrin-related markers reflect high risk for thrombosis.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Chemotherapy targeting methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) deficiency in adult T cell leukemia (ATL).

Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is an important enzyme used for the salvage of adenine and methionine. Cells lacking this enzyme are expected to be sensitive to purine synthesis inhibitors and/or methionine starvation. We reported previously that the MTAP gene is deleted in adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells. In the present study, we expanded our series and used a real-time quantitative PCR assay for accurate diagnosis of the deletion and nine of 65 primary ATL samples (13.8%) were MTAP negative. In spite of this low incidence, ATL cells showed significantly higher sensitivity to L-alanosine, an inhibitor of de novo adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthesis, than normal lymphocytes, suggesting that the MTAP gene is inactivated not only by deletion but also by other mechanisms. Indeed, a real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay disclosed that primary ATL cells had significantly lower MTAP mRNA expression than normal lymphocytes. Since MTAP-negative ATL cell lines also showed much higher sensitivity to L-alanosine than MTAP-positive ATL cell lines, we used these cell lines to investigate whether it is possible to develop selective therapy targeting MTAP deficiency. A substrate of MTAP, methylthioadenosine (MTA) or its substitutes rescued concanavalin A (Con A)-activated normal lymphocyte proliferation from L-alanosine toxicity. All the compounds except 5'-deoxyadenosine, however, also caused the undesirable rescue of MTAP-negative ATL cell lines. 5'-Deoxyadenosine had the desired ability to rescue hematopoietic progenitor cells without rescuing ATL cell lines. These results support the rationale for a chemotherapy regimen of L-alanosine combined with 5'-deoxyadenosine rescue in MTAP-deficient ATL.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed2001

Activity and antigen levels of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation.

We measured the plasma levels of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) activity and antigen in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) to examine the relationship between hypofibrinolysis and the pathogenesis of DIC. TAFI activity and antigen levels in the plasma were both significantly low in patients with DIC. TAFI activity in plasma was correlated with TAFI antigen, indicating that activity and antigen correspond well. The decrease of TAFI activity in DIC may be due to enhanced consumption. Since the plasma thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) level was found to be elevated in DIC, increase of thrombomodulin-thrombin complex generation is suggested in this state. TAFI activity and antigen levels were negatively correlated with TAT and D-dimer, suggesting that the plasma levels of TAFI are reduced by thrombin generation. Since TAFI was not correlated with fibrinogen, plasma-alpha(2)plasmin inhibitor complex (PPIC) and tissue type plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (tPA/PAI-1) complex, TAFI might be a secondary modulator of fibrinolysis. The TAFI activity in plasma was significantly low in patients with infection and in those with organ failure, suggesting that TAFI may play an important role in the mechanism of organ failure in DIC-associated sepsis. In brief, TAFI may play an important role in the pathogenesis of DIC and organ failure.

Antigens↗

PubMed2001

Semi-quantitative analysis of cytokine mRNA expression induced by the herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) using a Gel Doc system.

The RT-PCR method was employed to determine the cytokine mRNA expression of human peripheral lymphocytes induced by the Japanese herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9). The results showed that the mRNA expression of IL-12, IL-1beta, IL-10, TNF-alpha, G-CSF, and IFN-gamma increased after 6 hr in culture. This is the first reported finding that TJ-9 is an IFN-gamma inducer. Next, cytokine mRNA expression was semi-quantitatively measured using the Gel Doc system with a CCD camera and then statistically analyzed in order to determine which component of TJ-9 was the true cytokine inducer. The results showed that the scutellaria root is the main component inducing the cytokines, while the glycyrrhiza root is the secondary component. When the cytokine concentrations in the supernatants of cell cultures were measured by ELISA, the levels of IL-12, IL-1beta, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and G-CSF reflected mRNA expression levels in the cell fraction. However, the level of IFN-gamma was below the detectable limit. The effects of various reagents on many different kinds of cytokine mRNA expression could be analyzed objectively in a short time using the Gel Doc system. Many important findings could be demonstrated by this simple, easy, sensitive, and cheap method. After the clinical significance of cytokine analysis is confirmed, this method may become a useful clinical examination tool.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2001

Mitotic checkpoint protein hsMAD2 as a marker predicting liver metastasis of human gastric cancers.

hsMAD2, the human homologue of mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2), is a key component of the mitotic checkpoint system. Recently, mutations and decreased expression of mitotic checkpoint genes including hsMAD2 have been reported in cancer cell lines with defective mitotic checkpoint. However, the genetic alterations in the genomic hsMAD2 gene have not been determined in gastric cancers. Moreover, the biological implications of the overexpressed hsMAD2 in primary cancers are unknown. In this study, we analyzed 32 primary gastric cancers with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of all exons, including flanking intronic sequences, of the genomic hsMAD2 gene followed by direct DNA sequencing. We also measured the hsMAD2 protein levels in cancer and normal tissues by semi-quantitative immunoblotting. No mutations were found in the coding sequences, although three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the noncoding sequences in 13 of 32 patients. These SNPs were not associated with either hsMAD2 expression or disease progression. The semi-quantitative western blot analysis showed hsMAD2 was significantly overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues (P < 0.001). The calculated ratio of the hsMAD2 protein in cancer tissue (C) to that in corresponding normal tissue (N) (C / N ratio) was significantly higher in patients with well differentiated adenocarcinoma (P = 0.0274) or with synchronous liver metastasis (P = 0.0025). A C / N ratio greater than 3 was observed more frequently in patients with synchronous liver metastasis. Therefore, C / N ratio > 3 may be clinically important as a predictive indicator for metachronous liver metastasis of gastric cancers.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

Plasma levels of total plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I) and tPA/PAI-1 complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

In this study, we examined changes in the plasma levels of total plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)/PAI-I complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and in those with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) to investigate the fibrinolytic function and its relation to organ failure. The plasma levels of total PAI-1 and tPA/PAI-I complex were significantly higher in patients with DIC, pre-DIC, and TTP than in those with non-DIC. The plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex (PPIC), D-dimer, thrombomodulin (TM), total PAI-I, and tPA/PAI-I complex were significantly higher in patients with organ failure than in those without organ failure. The plasma levels of total PAI-I and tPA/PAI-I complex were markedly increased in patients with acute leukemia. The plasma levels of total PAI-I, but not those of tPA/PAI-I complex, were significantly increased in patients with sepsis or with solid cancer. In all cases, total PAI-I or tPA/PAI-I complex was not significantly correlated with any hemostatic marker. Measurement of total PAI-I and tPA/PAI-I complex may be useful in the diagnosis of DIC.

Antifibrinolytic Agents↗

PubMed2001

[Plasma levels of soluble fibrin in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation].

Soluble fibrin(SF) is formed in the early-activated state of blood coagulation and quantitative measurement of SF shows high potential as a parameter for the diagnosis of suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed SF test utilizing SF specific monoclonal antibody(F405). Among hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic tumor patients, 249 patients with suspected DIC were collected. The SF level showed a good correlation with the DIC score and the SF levels in DIC patients were significantly higher than those in s-DIC and pre-DIC patients. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis also showed that the specificity and sensitivity of the SF assay were higher than those of thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT). In conclusion, these results indicate that the SF assay is a highly precise method for the diagnosis and screening of DIC stages.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation↗

PubMed2000

Analysis of the p16INK4, p14ARF, p15, TP53, and MDM2 genes and their prognostic implications in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.

We examined alterations of the p16INK4, p14ARF, p15, TP53, and MDM2 genes in 30 osteosarcomas and 24 Ewing sarcomas. Among 21 osteosarcomas and 24 Ewing sarcomas, p16INK4, p14ARF, and p15 abnormalities were found in 4 (19%), 2 (9%), and 3 (14%) osteosarcomas, respectively, and in 4 (17%), 3 (13%), and 4 (17%) Ewing sarcomas, respectively. The alterations of p16INK4, p14ARF, and p15 included homozygous deletions spanning all 3 genes, methylation of p16INK4 or p15, and a nonsense mutation of p16INK4, which simultaneously caused a missense mutation of p14ARF. Alterations of TP53 were found in 15 (50%) of 30 osteosarcomas and 1 (3%) of 24 Ewing sarcomas. None of the sarcomas showed MDM2 amplification. While TP53 abnormalities were far more frequent in osteosarcoma than in Ewing sarcoma, alterations of p16INK4, p14ARF, and p15 were present at similar frequencies in the two types of sarcoma. The event-free survival (EFS) was worse in Ewing sarcoma patients with p16INK4 and p14ARF mutation/deletion than in those without the mutation/deletion (P = 0.019), and EFS was worse in osteosarcoma patients with TP53 alterations than in those without TP53 alterations (P = 0.048). The different incidence of TP53 abnormalities in the 2 types of sarcoma may reflect differences of the molecular processes through which the 2 types of tumor develop.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Plasma levels of activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex in patients with hypercoagulable states.

Plasma levels of activated protein C (APC)-protein C inhibitor (PCI) were significantly increased in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), pulmonary embolism (PE), or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Plasma levels of APC-alpha(1)-antitrypsin (AT) complex were significantly increased in patients with DIC and in those with TTP. Plasma levels of PCI were significantly decreased in patients with DIC, non-DIC, or TTP and in those undergoing HD. In the pre-DIC stage, the plasma levels of APC-PCI complex were significantly increased but not those of APC-alpha(1)-AT complex. These data suggest that measurements of APC-PCI complex and APC-alpha(1)-AT complex may be useful for the diagnosis of DIC. After treatment of DIC, the plasma levels of APC-PCI complex and APC-alpha(1)-AT complex were significantly decreased, but not those of PCI. Plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), plasmin-alpha(2)-plasmin complex (PPIC), D-dimer, and soluble fibrin monomer (SFM) were markedly increased in patients with DIC or pre-DIC and were moderately increased in patients with non-DIC, TTP, AMI, PE, or DVT and in those undergoing HD. The receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that SFM and the APC-PCT complex are useful markers for diagnosis of DIC. The specificity of plasma TAT and PPIC levels was low. The positive rate of APC-PCI complex was higher than 90% with DIC, TTP, AMI, PE, and it was higher than 60% with DVT and HD. Since the APC-PCI complex was elevated not only in patients with venous thrombosis but also in those with arterial thrombosis, components of the protein C pathway might be useful markers for the diagnosis of arterial thrombosis.

Antithrombin III↗

PubMed2000

Increased plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-activated factor X complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-activated factor Xa (FXa) complex were measured in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), pre-DIC, and DIC. Plasma levels of plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex (PPIC), D-dimer, and soluble fibrin monomer (SFM) were significantly higher in patients with DIC than in those with pre-DIC or non-DIC; the levels of these hemostatic markers were significantly higher in patients with pre-DIC than in those with non-DIC. Plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) were significantly higher in patients with DIC or pre-DIC than in those with non-DIC. Plasma levels of tissue factor (TF), total TFPI, free TFPI, and TFPI-Xa complex were significantly higher in patients with DIC than in those with non-DIC. Plasma levels of TFPI-Xa complex were significantly increased in patients with pre-DIC as compared to those with non-DIC; however, plasma free TFPI levels were significantly decreased in patients with pre-DIC as compared to those with non-DIC. These findings suggest that free TFPI might be consumed in the pre-DIC state, thereby confirming the activation of the extrinsic pathway. Plasma levels of TFPI-Xa complex were significantly correlated with TF, free TFPI, and total TFPI. Increased plasma TFPI-Xa complex levels might be useful for the diagnosis of DIC or pre-DIC, particularly that occurring by activation of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed2000

Detection of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and p16 gene deletion in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by real-time quantitative PCR assay.

Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) deficiency in tumors can be therapeutically exploited for selective therapy. Many tumors lacking MTAP have been found to homozygously delete the chromosome 9p region containing the p16 tumor suppressor gene. Several methods have been used to detect chromosome 9p deletions in primary tumors. However, the accurate diagnosis of chromosome 9p deletions has been hampered by the presence of contaminating normal cells. In search of an accurate and sensitive diagnostic method, we have developed the real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using the TaqMan chemistry for quantitative detection of MTAP and p16 gene deletions. The assay's feasibility was tested with peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 29 patients with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) previously analyzed with Southern blot analysis and validated on 39 PBL or bone marrow samples from childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Homozygous deletions of MTAP and p16 genes were detected respectively in six (20.7%) and eight (27.6%) of 29 ATL samples and in 15 (38.5%) and 23 (59%) of 39 T-ALL samples. The results correlated well with those of Southern blot analysis. It is of significance that the newly developed method can successfully detect homozygous deletions of these genes in samples containing as low as 33% blast cells. This rapid and sensitive method may be useful in searching for candidates for selective therapy targeting MTAP deficiency.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

p53 polymorphism and human papillomavirus infection in Hong Kong women with cervical cancer.

In this study we investigated the involvement of p53 polymorphism at codon 72, the infection and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the correlation of p53 polymorphism with HPV type and other clinicopathologic characteristics in 72 Hong Kong women with cervical cancer. We developed a simple and nonradioactive method for determining polymorphism at codon 72 of the p53 gene. The homozygous p53 arginine allele (Arg/Arg) was detected in 22 (31%), the homozygous p53 proline allele (Pro/Pro) in 14 (19%) and the heterozygous allele (Arg/Pro) in 36 (50%) cases, respectively. Using the consensus primers MY11 and MY09, HPV infection was detected in 55 of 72 (76%) cases. The prevalent types were HPV-16 (55%), HPV-18 (16%) and HPV-58 (9%). The number of HPV-positive cases with Arg/Arg, Pro/Pro and Arg/Pro were 17 (31%), 12 (22%) and 26 (47%), respectively. The p53 polymorphism at codon 72 was not significantly correlated with any of the HPV types (p > 0.05). No striking overrepresentation of homozygous arginine-72 p53 was observed in HPV-associated cervical cancer. The results in this study did not show that any p53 polymorphic form has a prognostic significance for cervical cancer.

Codon↗

PubMed2000

Changes of hemostatic molecular markers after gynecological surgery.

The authors evaluated the hemostatic abnormalities occurring in the postoperative period of eight patients with malignant tumors and compared them with those occurring in the postoperative period of eight patients with benign tumors. Two of the patients with malignant tumor presented pulmonary embolism after operation. Plasma fibrinogen and fibrin degradation product levels in patients with malignant tumors were already high before operation and further increased significantly after operation. The plasma levels of D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex, and free-tissue factor pathway inhibitor were increased in both groups after operation, but they were higher in patients with malignant tumors than in patients with benign tumors. The plasma levels of protein C and antithrombin were significantly decreased in both groups after operation. but they were significantly lower in patients with malignant tumors than in those with benign tumors. The decreased activity of protein C or antithrombin may be not only a risk factor of thrombotic disease, such as pulmonary embolism, but also the cause of thrombosis. In patients with malignant tumors, the operation time was significantly longer than that in patients with benign tumors. This long operative period might cause vascular endothelial cell injury which is reflected by the plasma levels of free-tissue factor pathway inhibitor, antithrombin, and protein C.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Application of hemostatic molecular markers for diagnosis of thrombosis].

We examined various hemostatic molecular markers in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), deep vein thrombosis(DVT), pulmonary embolism(PE), acute myocardial infarction(AMI), cerebral thrombosis(CT) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP). Global tests were sensitive for DIC but not for pre-DIC. However, hemostatic molecular markers such as soluble fibrin were sensitive for both DIC and pre-DIC. Hemostatic molecular markers were also useful for analysis of DIC in a baboon DIC model. Activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I were useful for the diagnosis of DVT, PE, AMI or CT. These findings suggests that hemostatic molecular markers are useful for the diagnosis of various thrombotic disorders.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine 'Inchinko-to' (TJ-135) on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice.

Inchinko-to (TJ-135) is a herbal medicine consisting of three kinds of crude drugs, and in Japan it is administered mainly to patients with cholestasis. The present study evaluated the effects of TJ-135 on concanavalin A (con A)-induced hepatitis in mice in vivo and con A-induced cytokine production in vitro. When mice were pretreated with oral TJ-135 for 1 week before intravenous con A injection, the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased 8 h after con A administration (-82%, -96% and -66% respectively). In histological investigations, sub-massive hepatic necrosis accompanying inflammatory cell infiltration was not observed in mice pretreated with TJ-135. Serum levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 were significantly lower in mice pretreated with TJ-135 compared with controls, while IL-10 levels were higher in these mice. Intrasplenic IL-12 levels were significantly lower in mice pretreated with TJ-135, while intrasplenic IL-10 levels were higher in these mice. In vitro, IL-10 production by splenocytes was increased by the addition of TJ-135 to the culture medium, whereas the production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma was inhibited. These results suggest that con A-induced hepatitis was ameliorated by pretreatment with TJ-135. With regard to the mechanism of these effects of TJ-135, we speculate that TJ-135 inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokine and enhances the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore administration of TJ-135 may be useful in patients with severe acute hepatitis accompanying cholestasis or in those with autoimmune hepatitis.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1999

Methylation of p16INK4A in primary gynecologic malignancy.

The p16INK4A gene mapped on band p21 of chromosome 9 can be inactivated via multiple mechanisms including homozygous deletion, point mutation and promoter hypermethylation in various human tumors. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based analysis was performed to examine methylation of the p16INK4A gene promoter in 196 primary gynecologic malignancies including 98 cervical, 49 endometrial and 49 ovarian carcinomas. Methylation of p16INK4A was detected in 31% of cervical, 20% of endometrial, and 4% of ovarian carcinomas, respectively. The incidence of p16INK4A methylation in patients with cervical and endometrial carcinomas at advanced stages (stages III-IV) was statistically higher than those at early stages (stages I-II). There were also significant differences in the incidence of p16INK4A methylation in both cancers between the patients who had died of their disease or were alive with evidence of disease, and those without evidence of disease. The results indicate that methylation of the p16INK4A gene is present in a proportion of primary gynecologic malignancies and this alteration may be associated with poor outcome in cervical and endometrial carcinomas.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Ofloxacin otic solution in patients with otitis media: an analysis of drug concentrations.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the concentration of ofloxacin in otorrhea, serum, and middle ear mucosa after topical administration of 0.3% ofloxacin otic solution. DESIGN: Study of 0.3% ofloxacin otic solution administered in a single dose of 0.5 mL in adults or 0.25 mL in children with chronic suppurative otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane, with serial sampling of otorrhea and serum up to 8 hours after dosing and middle ear mucosa up to 2 hours after dosing. SETTING: Three hospitals in Kagoshima, Japan. PATIENTS: Thirty-eight patients (age range, 3-81 years) with chronic suppurative otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane; 20 patients had sampling of otorrhea and serum and 18 patients (who required middle ear surgery) had middle ear mucosa and serum sampling. RESULTS: High concentrations of ofloxacin were measured in otorrhea samples taken immediately after dosing, followed by a rapid, nonlogarithmic decline. Elimination of the drug through otorrhea was believed to be related to loss from the application site with ear drainage, rather than to biologic mechanisms. Maximum concentration of ofloxacin in otorrhea was seen at the initial sampling time, 30 minutes after dosing, with concentrations measured up to the last sampling at 8 hours. Very low concentrations of ofloxacin were found in serum after topical administration of the drug. Concentrations were not detected in serum samples of most of the patients. The highest concentration measured was 10 ng/mL. Drug concentrations were detected primarily in samples obtained up to 1 hour after the dose was administered. Mucosal drug concentrations were highly variable, ranging from nondetectable to 602 pg/g. For the 6 bacterial strains isolated from the middle ear, the highest minimum inhibitory concentration of ofloxacin was covered by otorrhea drug concentrations measured at up to 8 hours after dosing in some patients. No adverse events were observed. No clinically significant adverse changes in laboratory test results or audiometric results were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Drug concentrations were high in otorrhea, very low or not detected in serum, and highly variable in middle ear mucosa. Nonbiologic loss of the drug with the ear drainage through the external auditory canal and eustachian tube was probably related to the high concentration in otorrhea samples. Drug concentrations in middle ear mucosa suggest that the drug reaches the infection site.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Multidisciplinary treatment, including laser hyperthermia, for extensive regional metastasis of a penile tumor.

BACKGROUND: There is no reliable treatment for penile tumor with lymph node metastasis. METHODS: We report on a patient with a penile tumor with extensive regional metastasis that was successfully managed with combined laser hyperthermia, radiation and chemotherapy. RESULTS: The patient has survived more than 7 years without evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Multidisciplinary treatment, including laser hyperthermia, may be useful for the treatment of regional metastasis of penile tumor.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗