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T Nishimura

Publications and source records attributed to T Nishimura.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Comparison of dual-head coincidence gamma camera FDG imaging with FDG PET in detection of breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis.

UNLABELLED: Dual-head coincidence gamma camera 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging was compared with FDG PET in the detection of breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis. METHODS: Both coincidence gamma camera FDG imaging and FDG PET were performed in a cylindrical phantom containing spheres of different sizes and activity ratios (5:1, 10:1 and 15:1) and in 30 women (age range 32-78 y) with suspected breast cancer. Biopsies or mastectomies were performed in all patients. Images were visually assessed, and the count ratio between tumor and normal tissue (T/N ratio) was calculated. RESULTS: In the phantom studies, coincidence gamma camera imaging visualized the smallest sphere (1.0 cm) at a ratio of 15:1 but not at ratios of 5:1 and 10:1. Coincidence gamma camera imaging visualized the other spheres (> or =1.3 cm) at all ratios. PET visualized all spheres at all ratios. In the clinical studies, 22 of 26 breast carcinomas detected by PET were also detected by coincidence gamma camera imaging.. Coincidence gamma camera imaging detected all of the carcinomas > or =2 cm in diameter (n = 10) and 12 of 16 carcinomas <2 cm. In breast carcinomas detected by both PET and coincidence gamma camera imaging, the T/N ratio in non-attenuation-corrected PET (7.12 +/- 7.13) was significantly higher than in coincidence gamma camera imaging (2.90 +/- 1.47, P < 0.005). Four of 8 axillary lymph node metastases detected by PET were detected by coincidence gamma camera imaging. Of 9 axillary lymph node metastases <1.0 cm in diameter, 7 and 3 were detected by PET and coincidence gamma camera imaging, respectively. CONCLUSION: Coincidence gamma camera imaging is useful in detecting breast carcinoma > or =2 cm in diameter but is not reliable for breast carcinoma <2 cm in diameter. Coincidence gamma camera imaging may be useless or even dangerous in the detection of axillary lymph node metastasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Determination of the cross-linked residues in homo-dimerization of S19 ribosomal protein concomitant with exhibition of monocyte chemotactic activity.

When S19 ribosomal protein molecules are intermolecularly cross-linked by a transglutaminase-catalyzed reaction, the monocyte chemotactic activity is newly expressed. Heparin, at a concentration of 1 U/ml, greatly augmented the cross-linking reaction. This augmentation was due to binding affinity of S19 ribosomal protein to heparin. The major heparin-binding region of S19 ribosomal proteins was identified to Lys23-Lys-Ser-Gly-Lys-Leu-Lys29, using region-directed mutant proteins. The amino acid residues of S19 ribosomal protein used for the intermolecular cross-linkage were then determined by the peptide map analysis with amino acid sequencing and by the site-directed mutagenesis; Gln137 and Lys122 were used in the intermolecular cross-linkage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Prolonged nonpulsatile left heart bypass diminishes vascular contractility.

We investigated possible functional changes in the vascular system accompanying the morphological change in prolonged nonpulsatile left heart bypass (LHB). Three adult goats underwent pulsatile LHB. Two weeks postoperatively, the pulsatile ventricular assist device was replaced with a centrifugal pump and nonpulsatile LHB was subsequently conducted for 4 weeks. The mean aortic pulse pressure was 39 and 16 mmHg during the pulsatile and nonpulsatile LHB, respectively Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and plasma norepinephrine levels were measured at the end of pulsatile LHB (PUL), and at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week of nonpulsatile LHB (NP1w, NP2w, NP3w, NP4w, respectively). At each point, 50 microg/kg nitroglycerin and 1 microg/kg norepinephrine were injected and the minimal and maximal values of SVR after injection were calculated as parameters reflecting the vascular tonus and contractility. The SVR and plasma nor epinephrine level did not significantly change during the entire course (SVR: 1106, 895, 982, 920, and 938 dyne x sec x cm(-5); norepinephrine level: 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.1 ng/ml; at PUL, NP1w, NP2w, NP3w, and NP4w, respectively). The minimal value of SVR after nitroglycerin injection remained unchanged, indicating that vascular tonus was stable during the entire course (618, 687, 623, 560, 653 dyne x sec x cm(-5), respectively). In contrast, the maximal value of SVR after norepinephrine injection at NP3w and NP4w (1695 and 1759 dyne x sec x cm(-5)) became significantly reduced compared to that at PUL (2346 dyne x sec x cm(-5)). These results indicated that prolonged nonpulsatile left heart bypass did not affect the vascular tonus, but significantly diminished the vascular contractility.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction calculated from quantitative electrocardiographic-gated 99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial SPECT.

UNLABELLED: We compared the left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (LVEF) as calculated by Cedars automated quantitative gated SPECT (QGS) to those determined by first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA) and contrast left ventriculography (LVG) in a group of 21 patients (mean age 61.4 +/- 9.2 y). METHODS: A total of 740 MBq 99mTc-tetrofosmin was administered rapidly into the right cubital vein at rest, and FPRNA was performed using a multicrystal gamma camera. One hour after injection, QGS was performed with a temporal resolution of 10 frames per R-R interval. LVG was performed within 2 wk. RESULTS: The EDV, ESV and LVEF calculated by QGS were highly reproducible (intraobserver, r = 0.99, r = 0.99 and r = 0.99, respectively; interobserver, r = 0.99, r = 0.99 and r = 0.99, respectively; P < 0.01) and were more consistent than those determined by FPRNA (intraobserver, r = 0.97, r = 0.95 and r = 0.93, respectively; interobserver, r = 0.86, r = 0.96 and r = 0.91, respectively; P < 0.01). There was a good correlation between EDV, ESV and LVEF by FPRNA and those by LVG (r = 0.61, r = 0.72 and r = 0.91, respectively; P < 0.01), and there was an excellent correlation between QGS and LVG (r = 0.73, r = 0.83 and r = 0.87, respectively; P < 0.01). The mean EDV by QGS (100 +/- 11.3 mL) was significantly lower than by FPRNA (132 +/- 16.8 mL) or LVG (130 +/- 8.1 mL), and the mean ESV by QGS (53.8 +/- 9.3 mL) was lower than by FPRNA (73.0 +/- 13.3 mL). Ejection fraction values were highest by LVG (57.1% +/- 3.2%), then QGS (51.8% +/- 3.0%) and FPRNA (48.9% +/- 2.4%). CONCLUSION: QGS gave more reproducible results than FPRNA. LV volumes and LVEF calculated by QGS correlated well to those by LVG.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Development of a multiple side-hole sheath introducer for use in aortography].

We developed a multiple side-holed sheath introducer that can also be used as a catheter for aortography before selective arteriography of the pelvic organs or lower extremities, as an alternative to straight or pig-tail catheters, which were formerly used for aortography. Aortography using the multiple side holed sheath introducer provided good detection of arteries in 100% of 10 cases, without any complications or difficulties. Thus, the present sheath introducer can replace straight or pig-tail catheters, resulting in the more economical use of one catheter prior to selective arteriography.

Aortography↗
PubMed1999

Perception and conception: separate memory systems in the medial temporal lobe.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate, by using positron emission tomography, whether the functionally different types of information are subserved by different memory systems in human medial temporal lobe structures. Before explicit retrieval tests during scans, subjects studied words in perceptually and conceptually processed manners separately. It was found that different parts of the medial temporal lobe structures were involved in each of the different conditions. These results indicated that perceptually and conceptually processed types of information were subserved by at least two partially segregated memory systems in human medial temporal lobe structures.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Validity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose imaging with a dual-head coincidence gamma camera for detection of myocardial viability.

UNLABELLED: This study investigated the validity of myocardial 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging with a dual-head gamma camera operated in coincidence detection mode (DCD-I) by comparing this technique with conventional PET and SPECT with ultra-high-energy general-purpose collimators (UHGPs). METHODS: The subjects included 5 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with a history of myocardial infarction. FDG (370 MBq) was injected intravenously after 75-g oral glucose loading, and PET, UHGP SPECT and DCD-I were performed 45, 60 and 210 min, respectively, after the injection. The target-to-background ratio of each imaging method was evaluated for the healthy volunteers by comparing myocardial uptake with uptake in the upper lungs or left ventricular cavity. Agreement between the results of the various imaging methods was investigated for the myocardial infarction patients, as was the validity of DCD-I for assessing myocardial viability as judged by comparison with myocardial perfusion SPECT. The left ventricular wall was divided into 18 regions, and uptake was evaluated using a five-grade defect score (0 = normal; 1-3 = low uptake; 4 = defect). RESULTS: The mean ratio of myocardial counts to lung counts was lower on the DCD images (2.77 +/- 1.12) than on the UHGP SPECT images (3.69 +/- 0.98) (P < 0.05). In contrast, the mean ratio of myocardial counts to left ventricular cavity counts was higher on the DCD images (2.76 +/- 1.36) than on the UHGP SPECT images (1.98 +/- 0.70) (P < 0.05). For the patients, only 30.6% of the defect scores obtained by DCD-I agreed with the scores obtained by PET, and the defect scores in the inferior and septal walls were higher for the DCD images than for the PET images. When DCD-I was compared with PET without attenuation correction (AC), agreement improved to 58.3%. When corrected by a modified AC method, DCD-I improved to 48.1%. Agreement between UHGP SPECT and PET was 55.0%. Of the segments (64) for which the defect score of the myocardial perfusion image was greater than that for the FDG PET image, DCD-I without AC, DCD-I with AC and UHGP SPECT allowed an accurate diagnosis in 12 (18.8%), 31 (48.4%) and 43 (67.2%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The image quality of DCD-I is superior to that of UHGP SPECT. However, because the effect of attenuation is marked, accurate AC, by the transmission method, for example, is required to equal the validity of PET.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Iodine-123-MIBG scintigraphy in neuroblastoma; relationship between the intensity of uptake and tumor characteristics].

Iodine-123-MIBG (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy were performed for 23 patients with neuroblastoma at diagnosis. The intensity of MIBG activity in the primary tumor was evaluated visually (grade 3; intense uptake-grade 0; no definite uptake), and its relationship to the size, degree of tumor spread, urinary catecholamine metabolites (VMA, HVA), and histological types were investigated. The results of 123I-MIBG uptake grade were as follows: grade 3; 44% (10/23), grade 2; 30% (7/23), grade 1; 17% (4/23), grade 0; 9% (2/23). The grade was not associated with the tumor size, or the degree of tumor extension to the distant lesion, either. The more catecholamine metabolites were excreted in the urine, the tumor tended to have more intense uptake. The tumors of neuroblastoma rosette fibrillary type, and ganglioneuroblastoma poorly differentiated type had more intense uptake than neuroblastoma round cell type and ganglioneuroblastoma well differentiated type. The case of ganglioneuroma did not have definite MIBG uptake. The intensity of MIBG uptake is not relevant to the pathological grade of neuroblastoma, but considering the electromicroscopical features of neuroblastoma reported previously, it is thought to reflect the histological type.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed1999

[A case of stage IV esophageal cancer successfully treated by chemoradiation].

A 63-year-old man was admitted to our institution with a hard tumor on the left side of the neck. He was diagnosed as having advanced esophageal cancer (Stage IV) with a massive supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, and the lesion was thought to be unresectable. He was treated with chemotherapy (CDDP-VDS-5-FU) and radiation therapy, and all the tumors completely disappeared on endoscopic and CT examination. A stricture with scarring was detected in the esophagus at 6 months after treatment. No neoplastic tissue was detected in the lesion, and his dysphagia was relieved by dilation of the stricture. Recurrence on the left side of the neck was detected by CT at 2.5 years after chemoradiation therapy. However, the tumor has not grown over the 2-year interval since then, so it seems to be dormant. He has now survived with a good QOL for 5 years since the first hospital admission. We conclude that advanced esophageal cancer can be treated with chemoradiation therapy if the patient is in sufficiently good overall condition.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1999

Hemodynamic changes around cerebral arteriovenous malformation before and after embolization measured with PET.

To estimate the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) around cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) before and after embolization, 6 patients with AVM were sequentially examined with positron emission tomography (PET). PET depicted the remodeling of rCBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere of AVM after embolization. Decrease of rCBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere was also detected in patients with focal symptoms before embolization, and improvement of clinical symptoms after embolization corresponded to disappearance of rCBF decrease. PET can detect hemodynamic changes after embolization, and has a possibility to estimate the effect of embolization in patients with AVM.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sensitive and specific method for the determination of josamycin in human plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A highly sensitive and specific method for the determination of josamycin in human plasma by LC-MS was developed and validated. Josamycin was extracted from human plasma by a single-step liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by LC-MS via an electrospray ionization interface. Selected ion monitoring was used to detect josamycin and its internal standard. The intra-day precision and accuracy, expressed as C.V. and R.E., ranged from 2.8% to 13.5% and -10.3% to 7.6%, respectively. The lower limit of detection was 0.1 ng/ml and the lower limit of quantitation was set at 1 ng/ml when 0.5 ml of plasma was used. No endogenous interference was observed in human plasma obtained from drug-free volunteers.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

In vitro biotransformation of atrazine by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes.

We studied atrazine (ATZ) metabolism in male and female rat liver microsomes in vitro, and the major metabolite was deisopropylatrazine (DeiPr-ATZ) with deethylatrazine (DeEt-ATZ) and 1-hydroxyisopropylatrazine (iPrOH-ATZ) as minor metabolites in both sexes. The enzyme kinetics of ATZ biotransformation were examined by means of Eadie-Hofstee analyses. Although no remarkable sex difference of Michaelis Menten values for each pathway was observed, Cl(int)S (Vmax/Km) for DeiPr-ATZ, DeEt-ATZ and iPrOH-ATZ were slightly higher in female than in male rats. The formation of DeiPr-ATZ, DeEt-ATZ and iPrOH-ATZ from ATZ was substantially inhibited by SKF-525A, metyrapone, diallyl sulfide, 7-ethoxycoumarin, benzphetamine, nicotine, testosterone and lauric acid in both sexes. Cimetidine effectively inhibited the formation of all metabolites in male rats. On the other hand, the inhibition rates of the formation of DeiPr-ATZ and iPrOH-ATZ by cimetidine in female rats were lower than those in male rats, and DeEt-ATZ was hardly affected by the chemicals. In contrast with the results for cimetidine, the inhibition of ATZ biotransformation by bufuralol was more effective in female than in male rats. Anti-rat CYP2B1 and CYP2E1 antibodies effectively inhibited DeiPr-ATZ, DeEt-ATZ and iPrOH-ATZ formations in both sexes. Anti-rat CYP2C11 antibody also inhibited the three metabolites in both sexes, with the inhibition rates higher in male than in female rats, similar to cimetidine. In the case of anti-rat CYP2D1 antibody, the inhibitory effect on ATZ biotransformation in male rats was less than that in female rats. On the other hand, anti-rat CYP1A2, CYP3A2 and CYP4A1 antibodies did not affect the ATZ biotransformation in either sex. There was no significant correlation between the formation rate of ATZ metabolites and P450 isoform levels in either sex. These results may mean that CYP2B2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1 (only iPrOH-ATZ formation) and CYP2E1 in male rats, and CYP2B2, CYP2D1 and CYP2E1 in female rats are involved ATZ metabolism in liver, and that the substrate specificity of P450 isoforms for ATZ is broad.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral changes and expression of heat shock protein hsp-70 mRNA, brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in rat brain following seizures induced by systemic administration of kainic acid.

Kainic acid-induced seizures in rats represent an established animal model for human temporal lobe epilepsy. However, it is well-known that behavioral responses to the systemic administration of kainic acid are inconsistent between animals. In this study, we examined the relationship between expression of genes, neuropathological damage, and behavioral changes (seizure intensity and body temperature) in rats after systemic administration of kainic acid. The considerable differences in the response to kainic acid-induced seizures were observed in rats after a single administration of kainic acid (12 mg/kg i.p.). There was no detection of the expression of heat shock protein hsp-70 mRNA and HSP-70 protein in brain of vehicle-treated controls and in animals exhibiting weak behavioral changes (stage 1-2). A moderate expression of hsp-70 mRNA was detected throughout all regions (the pyramidal cell layers of CA1-3 and dentate gyrus) of the hippocampus, the basolateral, lateral, central and medial amygdala, the piriform cortex, and the central medial thalamic nucleus of rats that developed moderate seizures (stage 3-4). Marked expression of hsp-70 mRNA was detected in the all regions (cingulate, parietal, somatosensory, insular, entorhinal, piriform cortices) of cerebral cortex and all regions of hippocampus, and the central medial thalamic nucleus of the rats that developed severe seizures (stage 4-5). In addition, marked HSP-70 immunoreactivity was detected in the pyramidal cell layers of CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus, all regions (cingulate, parietal, somatosensory, insular, piriform cortices) of cerebral cortex, and the striatum of rats that developed severe seizures (stage 4-5). Furthermore, a marked expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels by kainic acid-induced behavioral seizures (stage 3-4 or stage 4-5) was detected in all hippocampal pyramidal cell layers, granule layers of dentate gyrus, piriform cortex, neocortex, and amygdala. The present study suggest that the behavioral changes (seizure intensity and body temperature) and neuropathological damage after systemic administration of kainic acid are inconsistent between animals, and that these behavioral changes (severity of kainic acid-induced limbic seizures) might be correlated with gene expression of hsp-70 mRNA, COX-2 mRNA, and BDNF mRNA in rat brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Metabolic changes in hibernating myocardium after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and the relation between recovery in left ventricular function and free fatty acid metabolism.

To elucidate the changes in oxidative metabolism in hibernating myocardium after coronary revascularization, we performed myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography with a free fatty acid analog, I-123 beta-methyliodophenylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP), and thallium-201 before and 1 month after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 11 patients with angina pectoris caused by single artery stenosis. All patients had improvement in wall motion after PTCA at the region with coronary stenosis; the wall motion abnormality score evaluated by left ventriculography decreased from 5.5+/-0.8 (mean +/- SE) to 2.1+/-0.9, p <0.01) after PTCA. The defect score of I-123 BMIPP images was significantly larger than that of thallium-201 images either before (14+/-1.3 vs 8.9+/-1.1, p <0.01) or 1 month after (7.4+/-1.5 vs 3.7+/-0.8, p <0.01) PTCA. The decrease in the defect score of both images was significant (p <0.01). Changes in the wall motion abnormality score showed a significant correlation with both the change in the defect score of thallium-201 images (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and that of I-123 BMIPP images (r = 0.75, p <0.01). These results indicate that the metabolism of free fatty acid is impaired in hibernating myocardium, and that improvement in left ventricular function after successful PTCA is strongly associated with the recovery of oxidative metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Involvement of Fas-mediated apoptosis in the hematopoietic progenitor cells of graft-versus-host reaction-associated myelosuppression.

The influence of graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction on the host hematopoietic cells clinically manifests itself both as adverse reactions in transfusion-associated GVH disease (GVHD) and as a therapeutic graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect in either donor lymphocytes transfusion (DLT) or allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation. We examined the effect of GVH reaction on the host hematopoiesis in the murine parent-into-F1 (P1 --> F1) model of GVHD. The systemic transfer of 5 x 10(7) of C57BL/6 (B6) splenocytes into (B6xDBA/2)F1 mice (BDF1), which results in acute GVHD, reduced the peripheral blood cell counts, the number of BM cells, and colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM), whereas the injection of 10(8) of DBA/2 cells into BDF1, which results in chronic GVHD, did not affect hematopoiesis 2 weeks after the transfer. To clarify the mechanism of such myelosuppression, we examined the Fas expression in both hematopoietic progenitor cells as well as whole BM cells. The Fas expressions in each fraction significantly increased in BDF1 mice 2 weeks after the induction of acute GVHD, whereas no such effects were observed in the BDF1 mice with chronic GVHD. Furthermore, when such BM cells were incubated with anti-Fas antibody (Jo2), which induces apoptosis through Fas, the fraction of apoptotic cells increased and the number of CFU-GM decreased significantly. The in vivo administration of neutralizing anti-FasL antibody into BDF1 mice receiving with B6 spleen cells thus protected the host mice from BM failure. These results indicate that the functional expression of Fas on hematopoietic cells plays an essential role in the myelosuppressive effect of GVHD.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

An increase in [3H]QNB binding by proton-beam irradiation in intact rat brain: an apparent positive cooperativity of binding.

After focal irradiation of rat brains with a beam of proton (dose, 30 Gy), [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding, both in vitro and in vivo, was measured, using either autoradiographic or tissue-dissection methods. No changes in in vitro [3H]QNB binding were seen in autoradiograms of brain slices from irradiated rat. The irradiated side of the brain showed a significant increase in [3H]QNB binding in vivo in the striatum and cerebral cortex 24 h after irradiation. This increase in binding was transient, and had almost disappeared 2 weeks after irradiation. These results indicate that early changes in receptor function as a results of radiation damage are only detected in in-vivo conditions. In the striatum of the intact rat brain, an apparent positive cooperativity of binding was observed, which was more pronounced on the irradiated side.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Expression of fos protein in rat brain following administration of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist epibatidine.

Epibatidine (exo-2-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)-7-azabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane), an extract of frog skin, is a novel and highly potent agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor. The present study was undertaken to examine the expression of Fos protein in several rat brain regions following an acute administration of epibatidine. Furthermore, we also studied the role of the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and nicotinic ACh receptor in the expression of Fos protein by epibatidine. A single administration of epibatidine (5, 10, 50 microgram/kg) caused a marked induction of Fos-immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex, medial striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and superior colliculus of rat brain. In these regions, pretreatment with SCH 23390 (1.0 mg/kg), a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg), a NMDA receptor antagonist, and mecamylamine (5. 0 mg/kg), a nicotinic Ach receptor antagonist, inhibited the induction of Fos protein by epibatidine (10 microgram/kg). Pretreatment with sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, blocked the induction of Fos protein in the prefrontal cortex and the core region of accumbens nucleus, but not in the medial striatum and the shell division of nucleus accumbens of rat brain. These results suggest that epibatidine induced the expression of Fos protein in several regions of rat brain, and that dopamine D1 receptor, NMDA receptor, and nicotinic ACh receptor may play a role in the expression of Fos protein by epibatidine in rat brain. Furthermore, dopamine D2 receptor may, in part, play a role in epibatidine induced expression of Fos protein in the prefrontal cortex and the core region of nucleus accumbens, but not in the medial striatum and the shell division of nucleus accumbens of rat brain.

Animals↗