Metabolism of safflor yellow B by human intestinal bacteria.
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Anaerobiosis↗
Biomedical subjects
T Namba
Publications and source records attributed to T Namba.
Metabolism of strychnine N-oxide and brucine N-oxide by human intestinal bacteria.
Anaerobic incubation of strychnine N-oxide with human intestinal bacteria resulted in its transformation to strychnine and 16-hydroxystrychnine. Similarly, brucine N-oxide was transformed to brucine and 16-hydroxybrucine.
Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
Inhibitory effect of the water extract of spikes of Miscanthus sinensis on IgE formation in mice.
The effects of four different plant extracts of the spikes of Miscanthus sinensis, Phragmites communis, and Imperata cylindrica var. major, and of the spikelets of Coix lachryma-jobi on IgE antibody formation were investigated in mice. The IgE antibody titer was tested by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) method in rats. Of these, the water extract of M. sinensis showed an appreciable inhibitory effect on IgE formation. Furthermore, an undialyzable fraction of the water extract with a relative molecular mass of more than 50,000 d, designated as MSIS, showed the most potent inhibitory activity on IgE formation. MSIS was also a potent inhibitor of IgE formation when given intraperitoneally or intranasally to mice the day before injection of dinitrophenyl (DNP)-ovalbumin (OVA) antigen in both the primary and secondary immune responses. Moreover, MSIS clearly suppressed on-going IgE antibody formation in both primary and secondary immune responses.
Animals↗
Cleavages of the O- and C-glucosyl bonds of anthrone and 10,10'-bianthrone derivatives by human intestinal bacteria.
A strictly anaerobic bacterium, Bifidobacterium sp. SEN, capable of hydrolyzing the O-glucosyl of sennosides was isolated from human feces. The bacterium stepwisely hydrolyzed sennoside B to sennidin B through sennidin-8-monoglucoside in PYF medium but not in GAM broth. Addition of D-glucose to PYF medium resulted in loss of the hydrolyzing activity in culture but addition of D-fructose did not affect the activity. Coculture of this bacterium with Peptostreptococcus intermedius led to rapid accumulation of rhein anthrone in the medium. Similarly, a bacterium, Eubacterium sp. BAR, capable of cleaving the C-glucosyl of barbaloin was isolated from human feces. This bacterium grew in PYF medium containing barbaloin and produced enzyme(s) that cleave(s) the C-glucosyl. The induction of the enzymes was completely inhibited in the presence of D-glucose. Nojirimycin inhibited the enzyme activity induced by barbaloin but it did not inhibit the bacterial growth in the presence of D-glucose.
Aloe↗
Two new 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives from hypoglycemic activity-bearing fractions of Morus insignis.
Ethyl acetate- and n-butanol-soluble fractions of the leaves of Morus insignis showed a significant hypoglycemic activity on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. From these hypoglycemic activity-showing fractions, two new compounds, mulberrofuran U (2) and moracin M-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) were isolated, along with six known compounds [beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, ursolic acid, moracin M (1), kaempferol-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside] and the structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Animals↗
2'-Hydroxymatteucinol, a new C-methyl flavanone derivative from Matteccia orientalis; potent hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat.
The CHCl3 extract of Matteccia orientalis showed very strong hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. A new C-methyl flavanone derivative, 2'-hydroxymatteucinol (3) was isolated from the hypoglycemic activity bearing fraction, along with two known compounds, demethoxymatteucinol (1) and matteucinol (2). The structures of these isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. One of the compounds isolated from CHCl3 extract, 2'-hydroxymatteucinol (3), showed dose-dependent hypoglycemic activity, and a blood sugar lowering effect was observed even at the dose of 10 mg/kg (p.o.) in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Animals↗
Two new quinochalcone yellow pigments from Carthamus tinctorius and Ca2+ antagonistic activity of tinctormine.
Two new quinochalcone C-glycosides, hydroxysafflor yellow A (1a) and tinctormine (2a), were isolated from Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae) together with carthamin, safflor yellow B and safflomin C. The structures of 1a and 2a have been determined by spectroscopic methods including heteronuclear multiple-bond multiple-quantum coherence and linked scan FAB-MS. The latter compound (2a) was demonstrated to have potent Ca2+ antagonistic action.
Animals↗
Isolation and structure of woodorien, a new glucoside having antiviral activity, from Woodwardia orientalis.
Hot aqueous and methanol extracts of the rhizomes of Woodwardia orientalis were tested for their in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), poliovirus type 1, and measles virus by plaque reduction assay. The aqueous extract of W. orientalis reduced the plaque forming ability of HSV-1 and poliovirus more strongly than did the methanol extract. By bioassay-directed fractionation of the aqueous extract, a new glucoside, woodorien (1), along with five known compounds were isolated from an EtOAc-soluble fraction that had antiviral activity. The structures of these compounds were determined by the use of two dimensional (2D) NMR techniques (1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), 1H-13C COSY and heteronuclear multiple-bond multiple-quantum coherence (HMBC)). Woodorien (1) was the most potent inhibitor against HSV-1 among the isolated compounds.
Animals↗
Palbinone, a novel terpenoid from Paeonia albiflora; potent inhibitory activity on 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Palbinone, a novel terpenoid isolated from the roots of Paeonia albiflora, showed a strong inhibitory activity on the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-linked 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD) of rat liver cytosol. The structures of palbinone and a known compound, paeonilactone-B isolated from the active fraction of this plant were determined by the use of 2D NMR techniques (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY, 1H-13C long-range COSY, and HMBC).
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling energy. Simulation.
Myocardial Ca2+ handling during excitation-contraction coupling has been modelled mathematically to gain a better insight into the expectation that Ca2+ sensitization of contractile machinery may save myocardial energy utilization for Ca2+ handling. The basic model of myocardial Ca2+ kinetics and mechanoenergetics involved the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), sarcoplasm, troponin C (Tn) and crossbridges (CB). The relations among the released Ca2+ ions from the SR, peak concentrations of sarcoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and Ca(2+)-bound troponin ([TnCa]) and peak contractile force were computed, based upon the assumptions that the released Ca2+ ions diffuse as free Ca2+ in sarcoplasm, bind kinetically with Tn with an association rate constant of k1, dissociate from TnCa with a dissociation rate constant of k2, and are sequestered into the SR with consumption of ATP. TnCa was associated with CB cycling to develop force with a set of given on and off rate constants. The association constant Ka (= k1/k2) of TnCa as an index of Ca2+ sensitivity of Tn was varied 32-fold from 0.25 to 8/microM. Results showed that Ca2+ sensitization from a lower Ka level could most sharply decrease the total Ca2+ release required to develop the same contractile force. Thus, it would reduce the total Ca2+ handling energy that the SR uses to maintain the same contractility.
Calcium↗
Nipradilol depresses cardiac contractility and O2 consumption without decreasing coronary resistance in dogs.
Nipradilol (3,4-dihydro-8-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino) propoxy-3-nitroxy-2H-1-benzopyran) is a newly synthesized chemical agent designed to possess beta-adrenoceptor blocking and vasodilating actions. Nipradilol decreased left ventricular contractility index (Emax, slope of the ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation), systolic pressure-volume area (PVA, a measure of ventricular total mechanical energy) and oxygen consumption in cross-circulated excised dog hearts. However, nipradilol did not decrease total coronary resistance. These results indicate that nipradilol, like propranolol, depresses myocardial mechanoenergetics and that the vasodilating action of nipradilol could not be detected in the present study.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Left ventricular ORS widening decreases Emax without lowering VO2-PVA relation in dog hearts.
We observed a few rare spontaneous cases of a suddenly widened QRS wave of left ventricular ECG associated with a simultaneous decrease in left ventricular (LV) contractility (Emax, end-systolic pressure-volume ratio) in excised cross-circulated dog heart experiments. The decreased Emax was not associated with a descent of the relation between cardiac oxygen consumption (VO2) and LV systolic pressure-volume area (PVA, a measure of total ventricular mechanical energy). This result is intriguing because ventricular VO2-PVA relation generally changes its elevation in proportion to Emax under various inotropic interventions. We suspected the unusual observation to reflect no change in myocardial contractility despite ventricular asynchrony augmented by an intraventricular conduction defect.
Animals↗
Aggravation of experimental allergic conjunctivitis by environmental chemical and physical factors.
The effects of trichlorfon (DEP, Dipterex, anticholinesterase pesticide) and paraquat dichloride (Gramoxon, inhibitor of superoxide dismutase) on passive anaphylactic reaction in guinea pig conjunctiva using Japanese cedar pollen were quantitatively studied. For estimation of allergic conjunctivitis, Evans blue after i.v. injection was extracted from conjunctiva and measured spectrophotometrically. Allergic conjunctivitis was apparently aggravated by extremely low dosages of organophosphorus pesticide (10(-5) mg/kg) and organochlorine herbicide (10(-4) mg/kg). The aggravation of allergic conjunctivitis was also observed after exposure to cathode ray tubes used in commercial television, possibly due to electromagnetic waves. IgE-mediated allergic reaction could be non-specifically potentiated by such environmental factors.
Allergens↗
[Omental implantation technique for esophageal perforations--a clinical case and experimental studies].
We successfully used the omental implantation technique in a case of esophageal perforation in which simple closure was impossible because of extreme inflammatory changes. Although excellent results have been obtained by this method in gastroduodenal perforations, it has never been used before in cases of esophageal perforations. In this study we subsequently investigated the histological repair mechanism by carrying out animal experiments. Clinical case A 59-year-old male entered our hospital with the symptoms of chest pain and fever after endoscopic therapy for esophageal obstruction by food impaction. He underwent an emergency thoracotomy 54 hours after endoscopy. A perforation of about 2 cm in diameter was observed in the subthoracic esophageal wall which become too weak to close by stitching. This perforation was filled with an omental plug inserted from the peritoneal cavity under laparotomy. The patient recovered and his perforated lesion was completely repaired. Animal experiment In 10 hybrid adult dogs, omental implantation was performed on perforations of more than 1 cm in diameter in the subthoracic esophagus made by electric coagulation. One to four weeks postoperatively, these inserted omentums were observed endoscopically before sacrifice. The implanted omentums were endoscopically observed as elevated lesions after 2 weeks, but they became flat after 3 weeks and the mucosa seemed to be almost normal after 4 weeks. Histological investigation showed that the implanted omentums maintained their original structure accompanied by remarkable inflammatory changes 1 week postoperatively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
[Participation of environmental chemicals in experimental allergic conjunctivitis].
The effects of organophosphorus pesticides (trichlorfon and fenitrothion) and an organochlorine herbicide (paraquat) on experimental allergic conjunctivitis were studied quantitatively. Guinea pigs were passively immunized with antiserum to Japan cedar pollen. The above chemicals were administered subcutaneously 2 days prior to challenge with cedar pollen in the conjunctival sac, resulting in allergic conjunctivitis. The intensity of the conjunctival allergic reaction was quantitatively estimated by measuring the extravasation of Evans blue in the conjunctiva which had previously been administered intravenously. The allergic conjunctivitis was apparently aggravated by extremely low dosage level of organophosphorus pesticide (10(-4) approximately 10(-5) mg/kg) and organochlorine herbicide (10(-3) approximately 10(-4) mg/kg). The most intensive aggravating reaction was obtained 10(-5) mg/kg of organophosphorus pesticide and at 10(-4) mg/kg of paraquat dichloride. The aggravating effects of organophosphorus pesticide and organochlorine herbicide persisted at least two weeks after the single administration.
Animals↗
[Physiology of cardiac performance].
We previously proposed i) Emax (end-systolic maximum elastance of the ventricle) as an index of contractility independent of preload and afterload and ii) PVA (systolic pressure-volume area of the ventricle) as a measure of the total mechanical energy generated by the ventricular contraction. Emax is defined as the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation, which is relatively linear within the normal working range of the left ventricle. A working pressure-volume point starts from the end-diastolic pressure-volume curve, comes close to or slightly exceeds the end-systolic pressure-volume line, and returns to the end-diastolic curve. Thus, the end-diastolic and end-systolic pressure-volume curves envelop a family of pressure-volume trajectories of variously loaded contractions in a stable contractility. Emax increases with enhanced contractility and decreases with depressed contractility. PVA is an area between the end-diastolic and end-systolic pressure-volume curves on the origin side of the systolic pressure-volume trajectory. PVA linearly correlates with myocardial oxygen consumption regardless of ventricular loading conditions in a given Emax and this load-independent oxygen consumption-PVA relation is elevated with an enhanced Emax. Consequently, Emax and PVA have proved to be key measures and concepts in the physiology of cardiac performance.
Echocardiography↗
[Thromboxane A2 receptor; structure, function and tissue distribution].
Thromboxane A2 is an unstable, yet quite potent metabolite of arachidonic acid. Analysis of cDNAs of human and mouse thromboxane A2 receptors revealed important information in regard to the function of thromboxane A2 and its regulation. Examination of amino acid sequences of the receptors provides some information how the ligand binds to the receptor and how desensitization of the receptor occurs. mRNA of the thromboxane A2 receptor is abundantly expressed in the thymus, lung and spleen, and suggests novel function of thromboxane A2. Further progress on understanding of thromboxane A2 and development of effective drugs may be made on the basis of these findings.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A rho gene product in human blood platelets. I. Identification of the platelet substrate for botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase as rhoA protein.
A substrate protein for botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase (C3 exoenzyme) in human platelets was purified to apparent homogeneity from the cytosol by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite, phenyl-Sepharose, and TSK phenyl-5PW. The purified protein yielded an amino acid sequence identical to that of rhoA protein. When platelet cytosol and membranes were incubated with C3 exoenzyme and [32P]NAD and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, they gave only one [32P]ADP-ribosylated band on each electrophoresis that showed an M(r) of 22,000 and a pI of 6.0. The radioactive bands from the two fractions co-migrated with each other and with the [32P]ADP-ribosylated purified protein. When these radioactive products were partially digested with either alpha-chymotrypsin or trypsin and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the same digestion pattern was found in the three samples. These results suggest that the ADP-ribosylation substrate for C3 exoenzyme in the platelet cytosol and membrane is rhoA protein and that it is the sole substrate detectable in human platelets.
ADP Ribose Transferases↗