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T Maurer

Publications and source records attributed to T Maurer.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Not Available].

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Germany↗
PubMed1985

[Predictive experimental animal test of contact allergenicity. Relevance of the methods of the OECD and EEC guidelines. The organization for Economic Co-operation and Development].

In the first part of this article a historical note is given on the development of predictive contact allergenicity tests in guinea pigs starting with the Draize test, including epidermal methods and at least induction procedures using Freund complete adjuvant as a nonspecific enhancer of immunoreactivity. The tests of the OECD and EEC guidelines are listed and classified according to their predictive sensitivity. It is recommended to test reference allergens by different test methods in one's own laboratory to obtain personal experience with the various methods. Comparisons of the different methods based only on the literature are difficult, because there are so many influences on the performance of sensitization tests and because one is often not sure how the animals were termed positive, i.e. the threshold of a positive erythema score is often not clearly defined. Correlations between test results obtained in guinea pigs and man are presented for the Draize test, the maximization and the optimization test. It is emphasized that guinea pig tests are performed to assess the contact allergenic potential of a compound or formulation, but that the risk assessment is dependent on many other factors and should, therefore, be evaluated separately.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Predictive contact allergenicity influence of the animal strain used.

In order to determine the validity of reported alleged differences in the susceptibility of various strains of guinea pigs to the sensitizing action of known allergens, three unrelated strains of guinea pigs, namely Pirbright White, Hartley and Himalayan spotted strain, were selected. In our investigation, 3 haptens differing in their sensitization potential were used. The results showed that the sensitivity of the 3 given guinea pig strains was comparable. Furthermore, the sensitivity of a given guinea pig strain can only be determined by comparison of the sensitization reaction of several known contact allergens of various sensitizing potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sensitization potential of benzotriazole.

Predictive guinea pig sensitization studies have been performed with commercial and purified 1H-benzotriazole. In only 3 animals, induced and challenged according to the maximization protocol with more than 100 times the normal use concentration, were slight erythemas elicited with the commercial grade of benzotriazole. The optimization test with commercial and purified materials, as well as the maximization test with the purified material, was negative. We conclude that benzotriazole has a very low sensitization potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Experimental contact photoallergenicity: guinea pig models.

A historical note is given on epidemiology and predictive testing of photoallergenicity. Factors influencing the induction and elicitation of photoallergy in guinea pigs, such as light sources, measurement of light intensity, adjuvant treatment and irritation of the application site are discussed. A summary of the animal methods of Vinson & Borselli, Harber et al., Morikawa et al., Kochevar et al., Maurer et al., Ichikawa et al. and Jordan are given. The animal methods are discussed in relation to epidemiology and predictive human studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The optimization test in the guinea pig in relation to other predictive sensitization methods.

The allergenicity of various compounds was tested by means of the optimization procedure in the guinea-pig. Results with antibiotics, preservatives, fragrance raw materials and miscellaneous contactants are reported. Their relevance is critically discussed in relation to other animal sensitization methods (Draize, Bühler, open epicutaneous and maximization tests). Predictive animal tests are compared with those used in human allergy (Shelanski & Shelanski; maximization test). The importance of animal methods entailing the use of adjuvants is underlined.

Allergens↗
PubMed1980

Predictive animal testing for photocontact allergenicity.

The purpose of this investigation was to establish a standardized animal model to predict the photoallergenic potential of new chemical compounds. In a first series of experiments the main factors influencing the induction of photoallergenicity were evaluated (induction concentration, pH of the test solution, pretreatment of the irradiation site with sodium lauryl sulphate, additional use of adjuvant injections and routes of administration). Osram Ultravitalux lamps were utilized for these studies. In a second series of experiments a Xenon 6000 W radiation source was used. Positive results were obtained with well known photosensitizers, as, for instance, the halogenated salicylanilides, as well as with so-called weak photoallergens (e.g. bithionol, sulphanilamide) by stimulating the animals' immune system with Freund's complete adjuvant. The photoallergenic compounds were at the same time tested for their contact allergenic potential in the optimization test. A standard procedure for the predictive photoallergenicity assay in guinea-pigs is proposed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1979

Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. II. Comparison of different methods of cutaneous sensitization with "weak" allergens.

Results of the optimization method and of other methods used to assess contact allergy in laboratory animals were compared with known epidemiological data on the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in man. Tests were performed with preservatives (formalin, ethylenediamine and sorbic acid), drugs (penicillin G, Benzocaine and sulphathiazole) and other contactants belonging to widely different chemical classes (p-phenylenediamine, triclosan, pyrazole derivatives, nickel and chrome salts, eugenol, isoeugenol and mercaptobenzothiazole). The degree of sensitization achieved in guinea pigs by the optimized procedure (intradermal test with adjuvant combination) and the maximization procedure was invariably superior to that produced by the epidermal method using prior irritation of the site of application. Both the optimized procedure and the maximization test seem to be capable of identifying contact allergens that cause hypersensitivity reactions in as few as 1 in 10,000 of the human population as a whole. The optimization test merits consideration as a standardized and efficiently predictive procedure.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1978

[Problems in splenic cysts--a case contribution].

It is reported on a cyst of the spleen in a twenty-nine-year-old female patient in whom as accidental findings a splenomegaly was established. The diagnosis would be ascertained by means of laparoscopy and laparotomy. The genesis of the cyst remained unclear. The author deals with the problems of the differential diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. I. Comparison of different methods of inducing and measuring cutaneous sensitization.

Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with a 0.1% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the Draize intracutaneous method. The course of the induction process, the influence of the vehicles used and the extent to which the reactions are amenable to assessment according to objective criteria were examined. The sensitivity of the standardized Draize test was then compared with that of various other sensitization techniques, including: The intracutaneous test with adjuvant (optimization test) The maximization test according to Magnusson & Kligman (1969) The epidermal sensitization test The epidermal sensitization test with prior irritation of the contact site (by croton oil or sodium lauryl sulphate). Comparison of these methods revealed that either the additional application of adjuvant or prior irritation of the contact site augmented the degree of sensitization of DNCB just as greatly as the simultaneous use of adjuvant and prior irritation of the skin, (maximization test). The improved sensitization methods, and in particular the standardized optimization test, may prove to be of particular value for the study of so-called weak allergens.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The optimization test in the guinea-pig. A method for the predictive evaluation of the contact allergenicity of chemicals.

Guinea-pigs were sensitized with various substances (DNCB, penicillin G, PPL, ethylaminobenzoate, formalin) by the Draize method, the maximization method and the new optimization method (intracutaneous test employing adjuvant). The advantages of the optimization method favouring its adoption as a standard sensitization test are discussed in the light of the results obtained by this method and with the two established tests.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗