Bacterial growth in mastitic milk and whey.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
T Mattila
Publications and source records attributed to T Mattila.
Milk antitrypsin, NAGase, plasmin and bacterial replication rate in whey. Effects of lactation stage, parity and daily milk yield.
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Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Milk plasmin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and antitrypsin as determinants of bacterial replication rates in whey.
Quarter milk samples were collected monthly on a selected herd of 80 Ayrshire cows having a high frequency of subclinical mastitis. Analysis of bacterial growth rates in milk showed that whey prepared from infected or inflamed quarters stimulated bacterial growth. Milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, antitrypsin, and plasmin activities all showed positive correlations with bacterial replication rates (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) in respective whey samples as determined by a turbidometric micro-technique. Increased bacterial replication rates in mastitic whey represent an increased yield of the key nutrients for bacteria. Bacterial growth enhancement can be partly explained by proteose-peptone originating from plasmin activation and casein degradation. However, as multiple regression analysis showed that a combination of the predictor variables: antitrypsin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and plasmin explained enhancement of bacterial growth better than plasmin alone, other factors connected with inflammation should be sought when searching for growth-enhancing factors in whey. Milk plasmin activities showed increasing activities toward end of lactation (before drying off) as well as during later lactation (age of cow in years minus 2). Bacterial replication was enhanced in parallel with these changes in plasmin activities.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Surgical treatment of occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Experience with 55 patients.
A series of 55 patients with occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta operated on in the 15-year period 1966-1980 is presented. The type of operation was an extra-anatomic reconstruction in four cases and some type of anatomic repair in 51 cases. The operative mortality was 5.4%. The cause of death was myocardial infarction in two out of three cases. After a follow-up period of 90.4 months on average 25 patients were alive and were reached to a follow-up examination. Nineteen out of these 25 patients (76%) were symptom-free and six patients (24%) complained of mild to moderate symptoms related to obstructive arteriosclerotic lesions of the lower extremities. During the follow-up 27 patients expired. The most common causes of late deaths were myocardial infarction (13 out of 27 patients) and CVA (5 out of 27 patients).
Adult↗
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and antitrypsin in subclinically infected quarter-milk samples: effect of bacteria and hemolysins, lactation stage, and lactation number.
Interrelationships between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (indicating cellular damage) and antitrypsin (indicating increased permeability between the blood and milk compartments) were evaluated in 1,411 quarter-milk samples collected during routine herd surveys. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was antitrypsin, whereas, in more severe mastitis, antitrypsin had a more constant deflection. The sensitivity of both determinants was associated with the virulence of bacteria. Production of bacterial hemolytic toxins was associated with a significant increase in both determinants. Penicillinase production by staphylococci was associated with selective increases of antitrypsin.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Multi-score estimation of catecholamine fluorescence for clinical purposes.
Experience accumulated at multi-score semiquantitation of catecholamine fluorescence of glyoxylic acid-treated stretch preparations of human clinical specimens is presented. The methodology and criteria of quantitation are described in detail. For an example, comparison between 3 different methods for analyzing neural-bound noradrenaline in human myocardial tissue in various heart diseases (obtained during the course of cardiac surgery) is presented: Biochemical determination of tissue noradrenaline content multi-score estimation of catecholamine fluorescence of glyoxylic acid-treated stretch preparations microfluorimetric analysis of the same stretch preparations. The results show that the multi-score estimation method gives a reliable concept of the relative amounts of noradrenaline stored in the intrinsic adrenergic nerve net (corresponding closely to the individual and group differences observed at biochemical noradrenaline determination). In addition, possible regional differences, alterations in the structural integrity of the inbuilt intrinsic nerve net, and other structural changes (e.g. pathological catecholamine accumulations) are easily recognized, whereas biochemical estimation cannot give information on structural aspects, which may have important clinical repercussions. Microfluorimetry does not seem suitable for studies on human myocardial specimens for several reasons which are discussed. The method of multi-score estimation of catecholamine fluorescence described and discussed is recommended for other similar and related studies on human clinical materials.
Catecholamines↗
Role of oxygen radicals in the bacteriostatic effect of whey and production of bacterial growth by free radical scavengers.
The involvement of toxic oxygen intermediates in the bacteriostatic effect of milk was determined by producing bacterial growth curves using turbidimetry in the presence and absence of oxygen radical-scavenging substances. Using whey as substrate, catalase, haemoglobin combined with ascorbic acid and xanthine oxidase inhibitors all provided protection against oxygen toxicity for a strain of Staphylococcus aureus and of Streptococcus agalactiae. Superoxide dismutase and mannitol were less effective. This was evident in whey alone and in the presence of oxygen radicals produced exogenously by the t-butylhydroperoxide, H2O2 and xanthine/xanthine oxidase systems.
Animals↗
Depressed bacterial growth in whey during endotoxin induced mastitis.
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Animals↗
Emergence of trimethoprim resistance in fecal flora.
The emergence of trimethoprim (TMP) resistance in fecal flora was compared in patients with urinary tract infection treated with TMP or TMP-sulfamethoxazole. No significant differences were found in the occurrence of TMP-resistant fecal aerobic bacteria in the two treatment groups before and after treatment.
Adolescent↗
Milk antitrypsin as a marker of bovine mastitis--correlation with bacteriology.
Milk antitrypsin reflects leakage of protein of blood plasma into milk. Mastitis detection can be based on measurement of the trypsin-inhibitor capacity in milk; the "Eflab Mastitis Test" procedure is based on this principle. The procedure was developed to screen for subclinical mastitis; high capacity and sensitivity permits whole herds to be analyzed on a quarter basis to identify inflamed quarters during a single sampling. Milk antitrypsin was measured on 2174 quarter milk samples by a colorimetric procedure. The Multiskan MC reader was hooked to desk computer to interpolate antitrypsin from the standard curve and to analyze results. The analysis of inflammation was based on antitrypsin as well as computerized interquarter evaluation. These measures were compared with bacteriologic study of milk to set criteria for automatic identification of mastitis in individual quarters. The comparison against the lowest teat antitrypsin gave better indication of infection than antitrypsin as such. By strict criteria that identified inflammations caused by major pathogens, 18.8% of uninfected quarters were identified as false positive. The explanation is that a single bacteriological culture is not reliable for detecting mastitis, because there are temporary causes of tissue irritation other than bacteria that may be identified during standard bacteriologic examination.
Animals↗
Isolated renal artery and combined aortic and renal artery reconstruction for renovascular hypertension. Late results of surgical treatment.
Fifty consecutive patients with renal artery occlusive disease underwent surgery for renovascular hypertension. The etiology was arteriosclerosis; only three patients had fibromuscular hyperplasia. Isolated renal artery stenosis was operated on in 22 patients while 28 patients underwent combined renal and aortoiliac/femoral procedures. Four of the patients required re-operation because of unsuccessful primary results. There was no operative mortality. Renin was determined in 29 patients and postoperative angiography was carried out in 22 cases. The patency rate of the aorto-renal grafts was 94%; 2 aneurysmal vein graft dilatations occurred. Preoperative renin assays were positive in 90% of the patients with isolated renal artery stenosis but in only 45% of those having renal and aortoiliac/femoral arteriosclerosis. Postoperatively, the renin values had returned to normal limits in 95% of the patients. Long-term (2-11 years) successful treatment of hypertension was achieved in 79% of the cases with isolated stenosis and in 59% of the cases with aorto-iliac/femoral arteriosclerosis. The patients having a preoperative ipsilateral/contralateral renin ratio greater than or equal to 1.5 showed a success rate of 69%. Normal levels of renin were found in 85% of the successful cases.
Adult↗
Antitrypsin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as markers of mastitis in a herd of Ayshire cows.
Microplate analyzers for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and antitrypsin in milk were high-capacity systems for determination of subclinical mastitis on a mammary-quarter basis in a herd of 80 Ayshire cows. Infected quarters could be better differentiated from non-infected quarters by interquarter evaluation of milk NAGase and antitrypsin, than by adaptation of threshold values based on measured NAGase and antitrypsin values. This differentiation between healthy quarters and mastitic quarters was further improved by using absolute values and interquarter evaluations in combination. Therefore, quarter-based sample collection in combination with microplate technology and computerization is proposed as the method of choice for monitoring udder health in herds.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Reversible inhibition of bacterial growth after specific inhibition of spermidine synthase by dicyclohexylamine.
The effect of dicyclohexylamine on seven freshly isolated bacterial strains of mastitis pathogens was studied. Streptococcus uberis was the most sensitive strain investigated, since 5 mM-dicyclohexylamine totally arrested its growth and 1.25 mM of the drug caused 60% growth inhibition. The Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were also sensitive to the drug, but less so than Strep. uberis, since 5 mM drug caused only partial inhibition of growth. Micrococcus sp. and Klebsiella sp. grew in the presence of 10.0 mM-dicyclohexylamine, and, finally the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae was not at all affected by dicyclohexylamine. These different sensitivities towards dicyclohexylamine in vivo were paralleled by different sensitivities of the bacteria's spermidine synthase to the drug in vitro, and also by the ability of the drug to lower spermidine concentration in bacterial cells. Spermidine synthase from sensitive bacteria was inhibited by more than 90% by 50 microM-dicyclohexylamine in vitro, and the concentration of spermidine was decreased in E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa by 70% and in Strep. uberis by 95%, whereas in Strep. agalactiae 5 mM-dicyclohexylamine did not affect the concentration of spermidine at all. Dicyclohexylamine treatment led to the accumulation of putrescine in Strep. uberis. Spermidine synthesis catalysed by the extracts of Micrococcus sp. required 500 microM-dicyclohexylamine for 90% inhibition, and Strep. agalactiae contained a spermidine synthase that was still active at 1000 microM-dicyclohexylamine, The observed inhibition of growth was totally reversed by adding 50 microM-spermidine (final concentration) to the medium. Putrescine reversed the inhibition only when bacteria had a spermidine synthase activity insensitive to dicyclohexylamine. Spermine did not overcome the inhibition of growth caused by dicyclohexylamine, probably because it was not taken up by the bacterial cells used in this study. The inhibition of the growth by dicyclohexylamine (even in the case of Strep. uberis) was reversible in the sense that addition of 50 microM-spermidine 18 h after dicyclohexylamine still restored the growth rate of untreated controls.
Bacteria↗
Haem compounds as bacterial growth promoters in whey: a possible application to bovine mastitis.
The enhancing effect of haem compounds on the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in whey cultures was studied turbidometrically. Catalase, myoglobin and haemoglobin in concentrations 10(-5) to 10(-3) M enhanced bacterial growth. One explanation of this was the availability of iron by these haem compounds for the bacteria. However, evidence from experiments on free radical generating systems by t-BHP and hydrogen peroxide indicated that haem compounds scavenge activated oxygen products and so protect bacteria from oxygen toxicity.
Animals↗
Mastitis whey--a good medium for bacteria?
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Animals↗
Bacterial growth in whey from mastitic and nonmastitic quarters.
Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed by turbidometry in 456 selected whey samples. The samples had been graded mastitic or nonmastitic as determined by antitrypsin assay and bacteriologic examination. Whey samples from inflamed quarters (antitrypsin increased) and infected quarters significantly promoted bacterial growth as compared with whey samples from control quarters. The growth-stimulatory effect was limited to the diseased quarters, since control quarters from the same animals did not support enhanced bacterial growth. The observations indicate that in chronic mastitis, the inflammatory process leads to changes in the whey that promote bacterial growth in vitro.
Animals↗
Oxygen-derived radicals in bacteriostasis of bovine milk.
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Animals↗
Heme-iron and ecology of Escherichia coli within the porcine gut.
Growth of Escherichia coli was followed in sow whey by a turbidometric technique. Heme-iron clearly promoted bacterial growth, therefore free heme would be dangerous in small intestine by enhancing bacterial growth: duodenal brush border membrane (BBM) was seen to bind heme-iron, thus abolishing the growth promoting effect of this form of iron. Scatchard analysis of heme-binding onto BBM showed that heme became bound by a specific mechanism (KD approximately equal to 10(-7) M) as well as non-specifically. The absorption system for iron within the enterocytes should be considered an important antibacterial system within the gut.
Animals↗