Biomedical subjects

T Liu

Publications and source records attributed to T Liu.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Effect of superantigen on ion electrophysiology and permeability in rabbit maxillary sinus epithelia.

OBJECTIVE: Superantigens are potent inflammatory stimuli which derive from pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of superantigens on the function of rabbit maxillary sinus epithelium. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups. Rabbit sinus mucosa was separated under a surgical microscope and mounted in Ussing chambers to record short circuit current, conductance and permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Group A was used as normal control. Group B was stimulated with an injection of superantigen into the sinus for 4 hours. The sinus mucosa of Group C was stimulated by the addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) into Ussing chambers. Group D sinus mucosa was stimulated by superantigen after pretreatment with anti-TNF-alpha antibody. RESULTS: Superantigen evoked increases in sinus epithelial cell baseline short circuit current, conductance and permeability to HRP stimulated by the addition of TNF-alpha into Ussing chambers. These were similar to results from superantigen stimulation in vivo. The effect of superantigen on sinus epithelial cells could be blocked by pretreatment with anti-TNF-alpha antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Superantigen affected the function of sinus epithelial cells, including the capability of epithelial defensive barrier, which might be mediated by TNF-alpha.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Experimental study on polyphenol anti-plaque effect in human].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anti-caries effect of Chinese green tea's polyphenol. METHODS: 150 volunteers are randomly divided into 3 groups: A, B test group and contrast group, 50 persons in each. People in test groups were given polyphenol's tablet, placebo was given in contrast group, a tablet three times a day. After 3 weeks, group A was given placebo and group B continued polyphenol for 6 weeks. RESULTS: After using polyphenol's tablet for 2 weeks, the plaque index of test groups were evidently lower than the contrast group (P < 0.01). After stopping use of polyphenol tablet, the effect was still kept for 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that polyphenol tablet from Chinese green tea has evident anti-plaque effect.

Child↗

PubMed2000

[Clinical observation on effect of changmaishu in treating patients of coronary heart disease complicated with hyperviscosity].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Changmaishu (CMS) in treating coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Eighty patients with CHD complicated with hyperviscosity were treated with CMS for a period of 30 days as the CMS group, and the 40 patients treated with Salvia injection and Di'ao Xinxuekang were taken as the control group. The therapeutic efficacy and effect of treatment on plasma lipid peroxide (LPO) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, blood lipids, hemorrheologic indexes were observed. RESULTS: The CMS group was better in clinical total effective rate, ECG improvement and concomitant symptoms relieved than those in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Markedly improvement of laboratory findings occurred in both groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the changes of some parameters, such as LPO, SOD, total cholesterol, low-shear blood viscosity in the CMS group were more significant than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CMS could reduce the blood hyperviscosity, increase antioxidative energy and improve symptoms of CHD effectively.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Mutation and expression of nm23-H1 and CD44 gene in prostate cancers].

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of nm23-H1 and CD44 gene in carcinogenesis and metastasis of prostate cancers. METHODS: Expression of nm23-H1/NDPK and CD44 protein were analyzed in 32 cases of prostate cancers (Pca) and 12 control of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) paraffin embedded tissue by immunohistochemistry. Mutation and expression of their genes were detected by silver SSCP method, semiquantitative RT-PCR, and southern blot hybridization analysis respectively in 25 cases of fresh Pca and 15 control BPH tissue. RESULTS: nm23-H1 gene point mutation was detected in 13.3% (2/15) of Pca. Compared with the control tissue, the expression of nm23-H1 gene was increased significantly on both mRNA and protein levels in the carcinoma tissue (P < 0.05). The expression of nm23-H1 protein was also increased significantly in Pca with metastasis. The expression of CD44 standard form (CD44s) protein was significantly reduced in most Pca compared with BPH tissue. CD44s mRNA was detected in all Pca and BPH tissue, whereas CD44 variant (CD44v) without CD44v6 was mainly detected in carcinoma tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The altered expression of CD44s and CD44v may co-regulate in the carcinogenesis and progression, whereas nm23-H1 gene may play a different role from CD44 in the progression of prostate cancer. CD44v6 may be a useful but not significant tool for detection of colon or bladder cancers.

Gene Expression↗

PubMed2000

[Hyperplasia of chromaffin cells in adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study whether there is chromaffin cells hyperplasia in adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma. METHODS: Chromaffin cells with chromogranin A were marked by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: In 52 cases of adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma 3 were associated with eochromocyte hyperplasia and 5 with micro-pheochromocytoma. Six of the 8 cases were characterized by hypercortiso (or aldostero)-hypercatecholamine clinically. CONCLUSIONS: Few cases of adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma may be associated with pheochromocytic hyperplasia and micro-pheochromocytoma, and may be characterized by symptoms of hypercortiso (or aldostero)-hypercatecholamine.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed2000

[Study on the relations between HLA-DRB 1 alleles and Helicobacter pylori infection].

OBJECTIVE: In order to study the relation between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1 alleles and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. METHODS: Hp-IgG antibody from 46 gastric cancer (GC), 75 esophageal cancer and 100 population-based controls were identified by Hp-IgG quantitative enzyme immunoassay. Biotest HLA-DRB enzyme linked probe hybridization assay kit (low resolution) was used to identify DRB1 alleles. RESULTS: (1) Frequency of DRB1 * 08 was significantly higher in Hp-IgG positive group than in Hp-IgG negative group (13.1% vs 4.4%, chi(2) = 11.14, P < 0.001). Frequency of DRB1 * 12 was significantly lower in Hp-IgG positive group than in Hp-IgG negatives (5.4% vs 11.3%, chi(2) = 4.49, P < 0.05). (2) Frequency of DRB1 * 02 in GC was significantly higher than that of controls. Frequency of DRB1 * 07 in GC was significantly lower than that of controls. However, neither the frequency of DRB1 * 02 between Hp-IgG positive and Hp-IgG negative groups nor the frequency of DRB1 * 07 between Hp-IgG positive and Hp-IgG negative groups showed significant differences in GC and controls. CONCLUSIONS: (1) HLA-DRB1 * 08 might serve a genetic risk factor for Hp infection while DRB1 * 12 might play a role of protecting effect against Hp infection. (2) DRB1 * 02 might be a genetic risk factor for GC while DRB1 * 07 might play a role of protecting effect against GC. However, the relations between DRB1 * 02, DRB1 * 07 and GC were not associated with Hp infection.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

[Different susceptibility of cell lines to thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated killing effect and the way of cell death].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of variability of herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK)/ganciclovir (GCV)-mediated suicide effect obtained in three different cell lines and the ways in which this system-mediated cell killing occurs. METHODS: Recombinant retroviral vector expressing HSV-TK was transduced into three cell lines known with different growth rate (PC-2, PC-7 and LLC-PK1). The doubling time of the transduced and parental cells was calculated. MTT method was used to detect the concentration of GCV at which cell growth was inhibited by 50% (IC(50) value). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Necrosis or apoptosis of cultured cells and/or xenografts was observed under light and electron microscope, and by in situ apoptosis detection. RESULTS: The doubling time of the three parental cell lines was (31.2 +/- 0.1) h, (48.3 +/- 0.1) h, and (53.9 +/- 0.1) h, separately. The IC(50) values of their HSV-TK-transduced cell lines to GCV were (0.73 +/- 0.12) micromol/L, (0.93 +/- 0.16) micromol/L and (1.22 +/- 0.06) micromol/L, respectively and the IC(50) value was correlated with the cell doubling time. Flow cytometry revealed S arrest. The majority of cells under treatment of GCV displayed swelling and collapse, but very few cells showed apoptosis. Large areas of necrosis were observed in the xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: The cells with high growth rate are more susceptible to HSV-TK/GCV-mediated killing effect. Necrosis is the main way in which cells of the three HSV-TK-transduced cells lines die.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Loss and inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene in lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: The recently identified PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene is the first tumor suppressor encoding a phosphatase, which mutated in multiple tumors. Our research aims to detect loss of heterozygosity and inactivation of PTEN in lung cancer. METHODS: 24 lung cancer fresh samples paired with normal tissue, 18 archival paraffin-embedded sections of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were included. For 24 fresh samples, PCR-LOH was used to detect Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in or near PTEN loci. In situ hybridization, Western blot and or immunohistochemistry were proceeded for mRNA and protein expression of PTEN in lung cancer samples. Southern, Northern and Western blot were done to exam PTEN abnormality in one NSCLC and three SCLC cell lines. RESULTS: Among these 24 fresh samples PTEN LOH was detected in 11 out of 24 cases (45.8%) and 6 cases had no PTEN mRNA and protein expression. Results in situ hybridization were in conformity with that of immunohistochemistry/Western blot in our research. No protein expression was detected in 8/18 (44%) archival paraffin cases of SCLC. Southern, Northern and Western blot confirmed homozygous deletion in one SCLC cell line. CONCLUSION: Lung cancers had LOH and inactivation of PTEN.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

[Effects of high-affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor gene on NGF-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cell line].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of transfection of high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor gene (trkA) on NGF-induced differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32. METHODS: The recombinant retrovirus vector containing exogeneous trkA gene was constructed and packed by PA317 packaging cell line. The neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 was transfected by virus containing supernatant. The transformant cell line was confirmed by Southern blot and RT-PCR techniques. The NGF was used to induce cellular differentiation of the transformant cells. RESULTS: The trkA gene was successfully transferred and expressed in the neuroblastoma cells. After NGF treatment, the transformant cells displayed apparent neuron-like differentiation morphologically, and a slower rate of cell growth (MTT value 0.028 +/- 0.003) compared with original cell line (0.258 +/- 0.017) and empty virus transformed cell line (0.237 +/- 0.011). The cells remained in differentiated status after withdrawing the NGF from the medium. The transformant tumor cells rarely formed colonies in soft agar and failed to form tumor in nude mice. CONCLUSION: Restoration of high-affinity NGF receptor (trkA) expression in neuroblastoma cells could induce non-reversal differentiation. The trkA might be the important factor during NGF-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cell.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Detection of alterations of the DPC4 gene in paraffin-embedded tissues of pancreatic carcinomas].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the alteration and significance of the DPC4 gene in paraffin-embedded tissues of pancreatic carcinomas. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis were used to search for deletions and mutations in the DPC4 gene in 46 cases of pancreatic carcinomas. RESULTS: Thirteen of forty-six (28.3%) cases were found to have homozygous deletions in exon 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 11. One was in exon 11, one in exon 1 and 11, one in exon 2 and 3, one in exon 3 and 8, one in exon 1, 2 and 8, one in exon 2, 4 and 11, one in exon 3, 4 and 11, three in exon 3, 4 and 8, one in exon 2, 3, 4, and 8, one in exon 2, 3, 8 and 11, one in exon 2, 3, 4, 8 and 11. Intragenic mutations were found in 10 of 46 cases (21.7%). One case was in exon 1, one in exon 2, three in exon 8, four in exon 11, and one in exon 4 and 11. The total frequency of intragenic changes of DPC4 in paraffin-embedded tissues was 45.6% (21/46). CONCLUSION: Inactivation of tumor-suppressor gene DPC4 may play an important role during the tumorigenesis of pancreatic carcinomas.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[HPV16 E6E7 fragments transform immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells into neoplastic cells].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of HPV16 E6E7 fragments on the biological behavior of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells TR. METHODS: E6E7 fragments were constructed into retrovirus expression vector and then transfected into TR cells to observe changes in growth character and tumorigenesis in nude mice. IP-Western blots were done to analyze function of p27 protein as well as expression and phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. RESULTS: Southern, Northern, Western blot confirmed the stable expression of E6E7 fragments in puromycin-resistant cell strain TR/E6E7. TR/E6E7 proliferated faster, showed stronger growth ability in soft agar and eventually formed tumor after being inoculated into nude mice. IP-Western blot also showed sequestering of p27 protein from cyclin E/CDK2 complex, which implied increased activity of cyclin E/CDK2 and promoting G1 to S cell cycle. CONCLUSION: TR/E6E7 cells formed tumor in nude mice indicating that HPV infection played a role in pulmonary carcinogenesis. Sequestering of p27 protein from cyclin E/CDK2 complex may be responsible for increased proliferation in cells transfected by HPV16 E6E7.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Cushing syndrome--a pathologic analysis based on 216 resected specimens].

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphological features of adrenal cortex in Cushing's syndrome and the correlation of morphological changes with clinical manifestations. METHODS: 216 cases of Cushing's syndrome were collected. Among these there were 160 cases of adrenal hyperplasia, 50 cases of adenoma and 6 cases of adenocarcinoma of adrenal cortex. The morphometric method was used to measure the thickness of adrenal cortex microscopically. The weight of the resected specimens were carefully recorded and correlated with clinical laboratory findings and clinical manifestations. RESULTS: In adrenal cortex hyperplasia, the thickness and weight of the adrenal cortex increased gradually in the order of mild, moderate and severe hyperplasia. The hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the compact cell are very common in these specimens. The frequency of compact cell predominant cases was also increased in severe hyperplasia. The weight and size of the tumor differed significantly between adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the adrenal cortex. CONCLUSION: In Cushing's syndrome, adrenal cortex hyperplasia is the most common. The grade of hyperplasia was well correlated with clinical laboratory findings. Increase of frequency of compact cell predominance is important morphological feature of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex. Adenoma should be considered when atrophy of adjacent cortex is present. The tumor size and weight as well as mitosis are important parameters in differential diagnosis between adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the adrenal cortex, but the infiltration of capsule and blood vessels and/or metastasis still remain the gold criteria for diagnosis of adrenal adenocarcinoma.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗

PubMed2000

[Establishment of a rabbit model of non-thermal high voltage electrical injury].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a rabbit model of non-thermal high voltage electrical injury, which was accompanied by progressive tissue necrosis for the further study of electrical injury. METHODS: Seventy-five New Zealand rabbits were employed, in which 45 were used for the selection of the size of electrode plate, the inflicting time, the intervals and the injury degree. Five groups of rabbits were used for the study of the model. The study was carried out by means of clinical anatomical exploration, categorization by the Index of Deep Burn Injury (IDBI) and (99)Tc(m)-MDP isotope scanning and gamma photography. RESULTS: The optimal injury indices selected were as follows: the electric field strength was 17 000 volts/m, the mean current intensity was 554 mA, and the average current density was 137 mA/cm(2) for small electrode and 21 mA/cm(2) for big one, and average increase of tissue temperature was 1.73 degrees C during injury process. This excluded the possibility of thermal injury. Five models were created, i.e. mild, moderate, severe, extra severe and destructive ones. There was no obvious cutaneous necrosis. Nevertheless, there was loss of injured extremities on 5th, 7th and 12th post-injury days in the severe, extra severe and destructive groups. CONCLUSION: Non-thermal factor was the major cause of electric injury in the model with typical clinical features.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Acute promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation induced by tanshinone II A and its molecular mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate APL cell differentiation induced by tanshinone II (Tan II A) and its molecular mechanism. METHODS: In vitro incubation of NB4 cells with Tan II A at the concentration of 0.5 microg/ml for 5 days, the cell differentiation was observed by cytomorphology, and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. Cell cycle, membrane CD(33), CD(11b) antigens and gene expressions (c-myc, c-fos, p53 and bcl-2) were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: (91.3 +/- 2.1)% of NB4 cells were induced into morphologically and functionally more differentiated cells including 0.26 of myelocytes and metamyelocytes, and 0.68 of band form and neutrophils. Cell growth curve showed that growth of NB4 cells were inhibited. NBT reduction was significantly increased. Expression of CD(33) decreased and CD(11b) increased. The degrees of cell differentiation and growth inhibition induced by Tan II A or ATRA were no difference. Flow cytometry analysis showed that Tan II A arrested NB4 cell in G(0)/G(1) phase, inhibited cellular DNA synthesis, down-regulated c-myc and bcl-2 genes expression, and up-regulated c-fos and p53 genes expression. CONCLUSION: Tan II A can induce differentiation and growth inhibition of NB4 cells. Its possible molecular mechanism might relate to modulation of gene expressions associated proliferation and differentiation, and to inhibition of DNA synthesis.

Abietanes↗

PubMed2000

[Terminal differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells induced by Tanshinone II A in primary culture].

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Tanshinone II A (Tan II A) can induce human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells to differentiate or not in primary culture. The APL cells from 5 cases were cultured respectively with Tan II A at the concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml for 7 days in vitro. The differentiations of these leukemia cells were observed cytomorphologically and examined by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. The cell DNA cycle and membrane cluster differentiation (CD) antigens (CD33, CD11b) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that 82.5% +/- 4.8% of APL cells were induced into morphologically and functionally differentiated cells. The cell growth curve showed that the growth of APL cells was inhibited. The degree of differentiation and growth inhibition induced by Tan II A was not different from that by ATRA (P > 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis showed that Tan II A arrested APL cells in G0/G1 phase and inhibited cellular DNA synthesis. This study demonstrates that Tan II A can induce differentiation of APL cells in vitro, and hence it is worthy of further studies for clinical use.

Abietanes↗

PubMed2000

[Study of spontaneous echo contrast in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis by transesophageal echocardiography].

Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) is common in the areas of slow blood flow. This study was conducted to examine the correlation of SEC and left atrial appendage function, atrial fibrillation (Af) and thrombus in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. The transthoracic and multiplane transesophageal echocardiograms were performed on 117 patients(mean age 42.22 +/- 10.79 years). Left atrial size, left atrial appendage area, mitral valve area, left atrial appendage flow peak emphatic velocity and full velocity were measured. The presence of SEC and thrombus in the left atrium and appendage was noted. The results showed that among the patients, 57 had normal sinus rhythm, 60 had Af; 19 had thrombus, 98 had no thrombus; 71 had SEC and 46 had no SEC. Compared with the patients without SEC, the patients with SEC showed greater incidence of thrombus (28.76% vs 0, P < 0.05), higher rate of Af (69.01% vs 23.91%, P < 0.05), larger LAD (46.93 +/- 0.85 mm vs. 41.76 +/- 1.05 mm, P < 0.05), larger LAA area (8.06 +/- 0.32 cm2 vs 6.92 +/- 0.31 cm2, P < 0.05), smaller MVA area (1.07 +/- 0.23 cm2 vs 1.32 +/- 0.35 cm2, P < 0.05), lower LAA flow peak emphatic velocity (0.17 +/- 0.01 m/s vs 0.32 +/- 0.02 m/s, P < 0.05), and lower LAA full velocity (0.18 +/- 0.01 m/s vs 0.31 +/- 0.03 m/s, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the presence of SEC is associated with significantly greater incidence of thrombus, higher rate of Af, larger LAD and LAA area, smaller MVA area, lower LAA flow peak emphatic velocity and full velocity. Atrial fibrillation, the diameter of left atrium and the area of mitral valve are independent predictors of SEC. SEC is significantly associated with LAA function and thrombus formation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Construction of two eukaryotic expression plasmids pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP expressing surface protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans].

OBJECTIVE: Two gene vaccines which encoded amino terminal and intermediate region in the PAc protein were constructed and the feasibility and safety was investigated, in order to obtain a highly effective and secure anticarious way by immunization. METHODS: The target gene fragments pac-A and pac-P encoded amino terminal and intermediate region of surface protein antigen from Streptococcus mutans were obtained by PCR amplification respectively. Amplification products were isolated by using low melting-temperature agarose and recoveried from the gel. Then the two fragments were digested by Kpn I and Xho I, and ligated to the Kpn I-Xho I-digested eukaryotic shuttle expression vector pcDNA3 to create reconstructed plasmids pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP respectively. The ligated DNAs were transformed into Escherichia coli XL1-Blue. Transformed colonies carrying eukaryotic expression plasmid either pcDNA3/pacA or pcDNA3/pacP were screened by colony hybridization in situ. Then the reconstructed plasmids were isolated and identified by restricted endonuclease digestions, Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: 1. Two DNA fragments pac-A and pac-P of the predicted size 1.3 kb and 1.2 kb were obtained by PCR amplified. 2. Eukaryotic expression plasmids pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP had been reconstructed correctly. 3. The sequencing data also indicated that the pcDNA3 construct contained the correct sequence and orientation of the two target genes. CONCLUSION: These two plasmids may act as gene vaccines for further study.

Antigens, Surface↗

PubMed2000

[Expression of eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP in mammalian cells].

OBJECTIVE: Prior to the use of pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP in vivo, the transcription and expression products of these two eukaryotic expression plasmids in mammalian cells were detected. METHODS: The eukaryotic expression plasmids pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP were transfected into COS-7 cells respectively with liposome according to the manufacturer's protocol. In order to generate stable transfectants, after a 48 h incubation period in regular Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, cells were treated with neomycin (1 mg.ml-1 of G418) and maintained under continuous selective pressure. G418-resistant colonies, which became visible after 2 weeks, were isolated and screened for expression of the vector-encoded protein. The control transfections were performed with the pcDNA3 vector and without recombinant as well as vector plasmid DNA. The mRNA transcriptions of the two insertional genes were detected by RT-PCR assay and their expression products were analysed by labelled-avidin-biotin enzymed-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting. The cells transfected by pcDNA3 were used as the negative control. RESULTS: 1. The two eukaryotic expression plasmids could be correctly transcripted and translated under the control of the CMV immediate early promoter in mammalian cells. 2. The protein products could be detected in cell plasma, cell membrane and the culture supernatant. CONCLUSION: The two eukaryotic expression plasmids pcDNA3/pacA and pcDNA3/pacP can express protein products which were encoded by insertional gene pac-A and pac-P in mammalian cells.

Animals↗