Caeruloplasmin: acute-phase antioxidant.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
T L Dormandy
Publications and source records attributed to T L Dormandy.
Free-radical reaction in biological systems.
Free radicals are a highly reactive chemical species which differ from all other species in possessing an unpaired electron. Although free-radical activity in living systems is energetically improbable, recent work suggests that a number of important biological processes depend on it. In contrast to enzymic metabolism these free-radical processes tend to be non-cyclic, irreversible, non-homoeostatic, and energetically wasteful. For the organism as a whole they may nevertheless have considerable survival value. Free radicals are too short-lived to be demonstrable in tissues; but methodological advances are leading to the detection and measurement of characteristic free-radical reaction products. The findings suggest that free-radical activity is not only a potential cause but also a common, perhaps invariable, consequence of cell damage. It is possible that some of the secondary products of free-radical reactions may help to regulate the body's local and systemic response to injury.
Antioxidants↗
Fluorescent lipid-peroxidation products in synovial fluid.
1. Samples and extracts from synovial effusions were examined for the presence of fluorescent degradation products of free-radical oxidation (peroxidation). 2. Two classes of fluorescent compounds were identified and their fluorescence and physical properties are described. The fluorescence in the aqueous methanol phase of the extracts had the characteristics of conjugated Schiff bases. 3. Changes in synovial fluid and synovial fluid extracts in vitro induced by u.v. irradiation, prolonged incubation and the enzymic generation of oxidizing free radicals, with or without admixed peroxidizing arachidonic acid, and in the absence and presence of antioxidants, suggest that the fluorescent material is derived from peroxidized polyunsaturated lipids in damaged synovial tissue.
Arachidonic Acids↗
Serum antioxidant activity in normal and abnormal subjects.
Serum oxidant activity (AOA) was correlated with the serum caeruloplasmin and serum copper concentration and with the total and available serum iron-binding capacity in 313 normal and abnormal subjects. In all groups except in patients with Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) there was a highly significant direct correlation between serum AOA and serum caeruloplasmin concentration. A statistically significant direct correlation between serum AOA and the available iron-binding capacity of serum was found only in normal subjects and in children with thalassemia major and iron overload. There was no correlation between serum AOA and the serum tocopherol concentration in any of the groups studied.
Adult↗
Free-radical oxidation and antioxidants.
Cells and tissues are protected against oxidising free radicals by a complexity of antioxidant mechanisms. In disease these mechanisms may fail; or the mechanisms may fail and cause disease. The primary products of free-radical oxidation undergo rapid and spontaneous fragmentation. Many of these fragments are highly active in biological systems. Some may have considerable survival value. Others are potentially lethal.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
Copper--an index of erosive activity?
Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry the copper content of synovial fluid has been compared in rheumatoid and osteoarthrotic synovial fluids. Synovial fluid caeruloplasmin has been determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Both are significantly increased in the rheumatoid group. Serum copper, similarly estimated, shows a trend to greater elevation with increasing degree of rheumatoid erosion as assessed radiologically.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
Serum copper and related variables in rheumatoid arthritis.
Serum copper, caeruloplasmin, iron, iron-binding capacity, and antioxidant activity were measured in 120 normal subjects and in 189 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both serum copper and serum caeruloplasmin were significantly raised in rheumatoid disease in both sexes. A significant inverse relation was found between serum iron and serum copper, and a strong direct correlation between serum antioxidant activity and caeruloplasmin.
Adult↗
Synovial fluid copper and related variables in rheumatoid and degenerative arthritis.
Copper, caeruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, and total protein were measured in the serum and synovial fluid of 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 40 patients with osteoarthrosis. A raised synovial fluid copper and caeruloplasmin have been found to be characteristic of rheumatoid effusions. The relation between copper and caeruloplasmin in synovial fluid differs from that in serum. Synovial fluid caeruloplasmin was increased disproportionately in relation to other plasma proteins present in rheumatoid effusions.
Albumins↗
The inhibition of lipid autoxidation by human caeruloplasmin.
1. Purified caeruloplasmin was shown to inhibit lipid autoxidation induced by ascorbic acid or inorganic iron in the following systems: (a) an emulsion of linolenic acid in water; (b) an untreated ox brain homogenate in phosphate buffer; (c) a similar homogenate whose susceptibility to autoxidation had been abolished by dialysis or by heating and then restored by the above pro-oxidants. 2. The optimum conditions for this antioxidant activity were studied. 3. Caeruloplasmin did not inhibit autoxidation by u.v. irradiation in dialysed or preheated homogenates. 4. The apoprotein (without copper) had no antioxidant activity, whereas CuSO4 alone was much less effective as an antioxidant. 5. Iron-free transferrin also had some antioxidant activity.
Animals↗
Is hyperviscosity a treatable component of diabetic microcirculatory disease?
Blood viscosity at low shear-rates was significantly higher in sixty-four patients with longstanding diabetes than in sixty-one matched non-diabetic controls. This increase was most striking in patients with either proliferative retinopathy or nephropathy, although it was present to a lesser extent in diabetic patients with evidence of myocardial or peripheral ischaemia. Erythrocyte deformability was lower in the fourteen diabetic patients with the most extensive microangiopathy than in twenty-two diabetics with slight or no complications or in controls. Hyperviscosity and reduced erythrocyte deformability may well be important and potentially treatable factors in the aetiology or progression of microcirculatory disease is diabetes.
Adult↗
Reduced oxidase activity in the caeruloplasmin of two families with Wilson's disease.
Caeruloplasmin has been determined immunologically and by coper oxidase activity in 25 normal subjects, 20 patients with Wilson's disease, and 80 patients with chronic liver disease. Repeated estimation in four patients with Wilson's disease and two heterozygous mothers from two families revealed a consistent reduction in the copper oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin (12-32 units copper oxidase activity/mg caeruloplasmin) relative to the values obtained in normal subjects, patients with chronic liver disease, and other Wilson's disease patients (mean 65-79 units/mg). It is suggested that the functional abnormality in caeruloplasmin observed in these two families is an inherited variant, which does not appear to be due to the presence of a serum inhibitor of copper oxidase.
Adolescent↗
Vitamin E and antioxidant activity.
Forty years after its discovery, vitamin E remains a biochemical Don Basilio, not to be trusted or believed but impossible to dismiss. It is a powerful antioxidant in vitro, in many animals and probably in the newborn. To assess its physiological role and possible therapeutic usefulness in the human adult we need to know more about the mechanisms which normally protect from autoxidative damage.
Animals↗
The relationship between erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and erythrocyte copper levels in normal subjects and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
A quantitative assay for erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity using the xanthine-xanthine oxidase-nitro blue tetrazolium system which is applicable to clinical material is described. The in-batch precision of the method is 3.5% and the between-batch precision is 8.8%. Employing this assay, erthrocyte superoxide dismutase activities were measured in 50 normal subjects and in 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There was no significant correlatiion between superoxide dismutase activity and erthrocyte copper concentration. Erythrocyte copper was lower in female rheumatoid patients than in normals. This difference was not accompanied by a difference in superoxide dismutase activity.
Adult↗
Letter: Red-cell deformability.
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Erythrocytes, Abnormal↗
Impaired red cell deformability in peripheral vascular disease.
By means of a recently developed technique, red-cell deformability was measured in 44 patients with peripheral vascular disease and in 44 age and sex matched normal control subjects. 28 patients had intermittent claudication and 16 rest pain or gangrene. The ability of the red cells to deform was significantly reduced in patients and significantly less in patients with rest pain or gangrene than in those who only had intermittent claudication. A reduction in red-cell deformability by retarding blood-flow through the microcirculation may be an important factor in states of peripheral vascular insufficiency.
Aged↗
The antibacterial effect of water-soluble compounds from autoxidising linolenic acid.
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Aldehydes↗
A simple method for measuring erythrocyte deformability.
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Elasticity↗
The effect of fatty-acid autoxidation products on blood coagulation.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids were allowed to autoxidise in air over 4 days. The water soluble oxidation products were extracted at daily intervals and tested for their effect on blood coagulation. After 1 day there was slight acceleration of the recalcification and RVV times, but from 2-4 days the extracts became increasingly inhibitory. The P.T. and P.T.T. were also inhibited. In the thrombin generation test the extracts delayed the appearance of thrombin, but the peak thrombin level was increased and its rate of decay was reduced. When added to phospholipid the extracts altered their coagulant activity. The presence of autoxidation products could account for some of the variable results obtained with different preparations of phospholipids.
Air↗