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T L Davis

Publications and source records attributed to T L Davis.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Pattern of lateral geniculate synapses on neuron somata in layer IV of the cat striate cortex.

The distribution of geniculate synapses on neuron cell bodies in layers IVab and IVc of cat area 17 was studied. Electron microscope autoradiography was used to identify geniculate terminals that were labeled by anterograde transport of radioactivity injected into the A-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Thirty-eight cell bodies (19 in layer IVab and 19 in layer IVc) were examined in a series of 138 consecutive sections. Two pyramidal somas were studied and had no geniculate contacts. All of the other somas studied were nonpyramidal, and of these, 85% received geniculate contacts. The proportion of somas receiving somatic geniculate input differed in layers IVab and IVc. In layer IVab, 70% of the nonpyramidal somas received geniculate contacts; in IVc, 100%. Such high percentages indicate that geniculate afferents synapse with more types of layer IV neuron than the aspinous neurons that synthesize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Freund et al., '85b). The pattern of input to somas was so diverse that it was impossible to form groups of neurons based on only this criterion. We wondered if it would be possible to form groups of neurons based on a range of characteristics among which would be pattern of synaptic input. To this end, pyramidal neurons and neurons that contained a cytoplasmic laminated body (CLB) (Winfield, '79; Einstein et al., '84) were treated as two separate classes. We found fair agreement among the features of these neurons within their own classes, with the CLB-cells in layer IVab and IVc forming separate groups. Among the remaining neurons there was too little agreement within the range of features to enable us to treat them in this manner. Geniculate somatic contacts in both sublayers were of 2 forms, those with round vesicles and asymmetric thickenings (RA) and those with pleomorphic vesicles and symmetric thickenings (PS) (Einstein et al., '87). The distribution of these forms varied: some cells received contacts exclusively from one form or the other; other cells received contacts from both. On one cell that bore 33 somatic geniculate terminals, 61% were RA and 39% were PS. Such substantial numbers of geniculate contacts located near the site of impulse initiation are likely to contribute significantly to the receptive field properties of this neuron, and the possible effects are discussed.

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PubMed1985

Dendritic arbors and dendritic excrescences of abnormally positioned neurons in area CA3c of mice carrying the mutation "hippocampal lamination defect".

BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ mice are homozygous for the autosomal gene "hippocampal lamination defect" (provisional gene symbol: Hld) which produces an abnormality in the lamination of the pyramidal cell layer of area CA3c of the hippocampus such that early-generated neurons are superficial and late-generated neurons are deep. Other inbred strains of mice are wild-type (+/+) at the Hld locus and do not have this inversion in cell position in area CA3c. The Golgi method was used to analyze the dendritic arbors of the abnormally positioned pyramidal cells and to compare the distribution of dendritic excrescences (i.e., the termination sites of the mossy fibers) in +/+ and Hld/Hld mice. It was found that in +/+ mice the late-generated pyramidal cells (whose cell bodies are positioned just below the suprapyramidal mossy fiber layer) have one set of dendritic excrescences on their apical dendrites as they extend through the suprapyramidal mossy fiber layer and a second set on their basal dendrites as they pass through the infrapyramidal mossy fiber layer. In contrast, in Hld/Hld mice the late-generated pyramidal cells (whose cell bodies are abnormally positioned just below the intrapyramidal mossy fiber layer) have two sets of dendritic excrescences on their apical dendrites, as they pass through the intrapyramidal and suprapyramidal mossy fiber layers, and none on their basal dendrites. In addition, in the vicinity of the apparent point of contact of the intrapyramidal mossy fibers, the apical dendrites of some of the abnormally positioned pyramidal cells have several fine-caliber branches.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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PubMed1984

Numbers of specific types of neuron in layer IVab of cat striate cortex.

Layer IVab of the visual cortex (area 17) of the cat contains about 51,400 neurons per mm3, including about 400-1200 per mm3 of each of three categories of neuron believed from previous work to represent discrete types. Each type forms about 0.5-1.5% of all the IVab neurons, which suggests that the total number of types in this layer might be much greater than previously supposed, perhaps as many as 50 or more. From their densities and estimates of their dendritic fields, we calculate that each type completely "covers" layer IVab in the tangential plane but only by a small factor (1.3-4.2).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Four types of neuron in layer IVab of cat cortical area 17 accumulate 3H-GABA.

Roughly 10% of the neurons in layer IVab of cat area 17 accumulate exogenous 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) but how many types of neuron comprise this population was unknown. We characterized these neurons by partial reconstruction of their somas from serial electron microscope autoradiograms and distinguished four types. GABA 1 was large (greater than 16.5 micron) and dark with a dense distribution of synaptic terminals, substantial geniculate input to the soma, and a moderate accumulation of GABA. GABA 2 was small (less than 13 micron) and pale, also with a dense distribution of terminals but without evidence of somatic geniculate input, and a moderate accumulation of GABA. GABA 3 was radially fusiform (20 micron X 8 micron) with varicose dendrites, a sparse distribution of synaptic terminals, and a heavy accumulation of GABA. GABA 4 was medium in size (15 micron) with a moderate distribution of synaptic terminals and a heavy accumulation of GABA. Reasons are presented for believing that each of these four categories of GABA-accumulating neuron represents a fundamental cell type.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Neurons in cat lateral geniculate nucleus that concentrate exogenous [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

About one-quarter of the neurons in the A-laminae of the cat lateral geniculate selectively accumulate exogenous [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its analog, [3H]-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), and the GABA agonist, [3H] muscimol. These neurons are small (12-18 micrometers diameter) and lack a laminar body, which suggests that they correspond to the class III cell identified in Golgi material. GABA and DABA are also accumulated by F-terminals which are post-synaptic to retinal terminals and presynaptic to relay cell dendrites. It is suggested that GABA may be the transmitter for these small neurons which appear to mediate by means of local circuits a feed-forward inhibition onto the relay cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A systematic approach to reconstructing microcircuitry by electron microscopy of serial sections.

To observe certain quantitative features of neuronal geometry and microcircuitry, it is necessary to reconstruct neurons from electron micrographs of serial, ultra-thin sections. We describe here an approach to preparing, photographing, and analyzing moderately long series (100-500 sections). A series is prepared using an assembly line approach: one operator cuts while a second mounts ribbons of sections using various mechanical aids. Photographs are taken in the electron microscope at low magnification and high accelerating voltage. Sequential negatives are aligned using an image combiner and copied, using quasi-coherent illumination, onto 35 mm film. The resulting "movie' is mounted on a precision film transport mounted on an X-Y stage controlled by stepping motors. The movie is viewed through a high resolution video system while a video storage device and switching system permit rapid alternation between frames for comparisons. The profiles of a process in successive frames are "microaligned' by small adjustments of the transport's X-Y position. The absolute X-Y biological coordinates for each frame and the correction necessary to bring it into alignment are stored in a Z80 microprocessor as a process vector. When the movie is re-examined with the stepping motors under control of the computer, the microaligned process shows almost no frame-to-frame jitter. The process vector may be used to generate a "branch schematic' of the neuron. The microaligned profiles can also be digitized and displayed as a reconstruction using a PDP 11/34 computer. Uses of the approach are presented with examples from the cat retina and visual cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Microcircuitry of cat visual cortex: classification of neurons in layer IV of area 17, and identification of the patterns of lateral geniculate input.

Neurons in the cerebral cortex have been classified primarily by their differences in axonal and dendritic branching patterns observed in material impregnated by the Golgi method. Although these morphological differences are widely believed to reflect differences in connectivity, very little is actually known about the patterns of synaptic input to different cell types. We have obtained such information for 32 adjacent neurons in layer IVab of cat cortical area 17 by reconstructing them from electron micrographs of 150 serial sections. Synaptic terminals from the lateral geniculate nucleus were labeled in this material by anterograde degeneration and their distribution, as well as that of normal terminals containing flat or round vesicles, was recorded. The neurons were divided into seven classes based on differences in size, shape, dendritic branching pattern and synaptic input. Class I cells were pyramidal with apical and basilar dendrites, dendritic spines, exclusively flat-vesicle terminals on the somas (11/100 micron2), and geniculate terminals on the basilar dendrites. Class II cells were large stellates (20 micron diameter) with dark cytoplasm and numerous flat-vesicle and round-vesicle terminals on the somas (48/100 micron2). Geniculate terminals contacted the cell bodies and primary, secondary, and tertiary dendrites. The Class III cell was stellate with varicose dendrites, a sparse distribution of flat-vesicle terminals (8/100 micron2) on the soma, and both geniculate and round-vesicle terminals on the dendrites. Class IV cells had radially elongated somas with sharply tapered apical and basilar dendrites bearing spines. There was a medium distribution of flat-vesicles terminals (17/100 mu2), to the somas while geniculate terminals were restricted to the secondary dendrites. Class V cells were multipolar with flat-vesicle terminals on the somas (11/100 micron2) and a few geniculate terminals on the dendrites. Class VI cells were mostly small (as small as 7 micron diameter), with a sparse distribution on the somas of both flat-vesicle terminals (7/100 micron2). Two cells had geniculate terminals on their somas. Class VII cells had sharply tapered apical and basilar dendrites, both flat-vesicle and round-vesicle terminals on the somas (14/100 micron2), and no geniculate input. The results make clear that the neurons in layer IVab are quite heterogeneous, not merely in their intrinsic morphology, but also in their patterns of connectivity. The geniculate input is not funneled to a single type of neuron but diverges widely, contacting at least six different cell types, and may form on each a pattern that is characteristic for the type. The reconstruction approach, in providing a detailed identification of the synaptic patterns on substantial numbers of adjacent cells, should make it possible to address directly certain unanswered questions about cortical circuitry...

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PubMedDate not supplied

Automated shimming at 1.5 T using echo-planar image frequency maps.

Using echo-planar imaging, we developed an automated image-based procedure to shim the static (B0) field. Our method uses the rapid acquisition capability of echo-planar imaging to collect the required frequency data rapidly, rendering the shim data acquisition time negligible in comparison with the total study time. We address image distortion issues involved in echo-planar imaging acquisition of the data and formulate analytic methods for arriving at an optimal shim for the NMR imaging experiment in a single iteration. We investigated the use of cost functions other than least-squares (Chebychev, high-order numeric) and found that choice between the cost functions we tested was irrelevant to resultant image quality, at least when used in conjunction with low-order shims. With appropriate integration, the method has become routine practice for investigators at our laboratory.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Constitutents of Magnolia Grandiflora. III. Toxic principle of the wood.

The alcoholic extract of the wood of Magnolia grandiflora exhibited toxicity to mice when injected by the ip route. The toxic principle was found to be a phenolic quaternary alkaloid and was obtained as a colorless crystalline solid. Analytical and spectral data showed that it was identical with menisperine (also called chakranine and isocorydinium cation) which has not been previously isolated from the genus Magnolia.

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