Biomedical subjects

T Inukai

Publications and source records attributed to T Inukai.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Expression of thrombopoietin receptor and its functional role in human B-precursor leukemia cells with 11q23 translocation or Philadelphia chromosome.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a hematopoietic growth factor which plays a central role in normal megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Although the interaction between TPO and its receptor c-Mpl encoded by the c-mpl gene is now known to be implicated in the proliferation and/or differentiation of abnormal myeloid cells and normal hematopoietic stem cells, little is known about a role of the TPO/c-Mpl system in lymphoid leukemia cells. In the present study, we first examined the expression of c-mpl/c-Mpl in 23 human lymphoid leukemic cell lines (T-lineage 4, B-lineage 19) using three distinct methods. The c-mpl mRNA was detectable in as many as 20 cell lines (T-lineage 3, B-lineage 17) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, but its translated product, c-Mpl, was demonstrable by Western blot only in B-lineage cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the surface c-Mpl expression in 13 of 17 B-lineage cell lines, but its higher expression (>40%) was restricted in nine B-precursor cell lines, eight of which had 11q23 translocation or Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). We also demonstrated that two of eight cell lines with 11q23 translocation or Ph1 exhibited a significant proliferative response to TPO in the 3H-thymidine uptake and colony-forming assays. Triggering of these cell lines by TPO transiently up-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK-2 and Shc, indicating that their receptor is functional. Primary leukemia cells separated from patients with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with Ph1 or 11q23 translocation also showed the surface c-Mpl expression and a significant responsiveness to TPO. These results suggest that the TPO/c-Mpl interaction may play a physiological role in the growth regulation of B-precursor leukemia cells particularly with specific chromosomal abnormalities.

Antigens, Surface↗

PubMed2000

Thermographic measurement of skin temperature recovery time of extremities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To elucidate the relationship between the recovery of skin temperature in an extremity after exposure to cold water and various factors associated with diabetes, we measured skin temperature in type2 diabetic patients (N=61) and control subjects (N=16). A thermo-tracer was used in thermographic measurements. The right third toe of each subject was immersed in cold water at 0 degrees C for 10 sec. Rt represents the recovery rate of skin temperature at t min after exposure. Rt was significantly reduced in the diabetic patients every 5 min in the 20 min period following exposure compared with control subjects. The diabetic patients group exhibited a significantly positive correlation between R20 and the ankle-brachial index. R20 in the diabetic patients showed a significantly positive correlation with the reduction in systolic blood pressure at the arm observed in Schellong's test. In addition, R20 showed a significantly negative correlation with plasma levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. However, the severity of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy was not significantly related to R20 in the diabetic patients. The present data indicate that the recovery of skin temperature after immersion in cold water was markedly reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared with healthy control subjects. Peripheral arteriosclerosis, impaired sympathetic nerve function and the activation of the blood coagulation system may all contribute to this reduced recovery of skin temperature.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Anatomical variants in the floor of the third ventricle; implications for endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

Longstanding hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure can lead to unusual anatomical variants in the floor of the third ventricle, which may be important when performing endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Two middle aged patients with symptomatic longstanding hydrocephalus had scans that showed ventricular hydrocephalus, an empty sella, and a dilated infundibular recess which herniated into the sella turcica. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy confirmed that instead of the tuber cinerum and infundibular recess, the anterior inferior floor of the third ventricle was hanging down ventral to the pons into the sellar floor. Third ventriculostomy to the prepontine cistern was made on the dorsal wall of the dilated infundibular recess to the area surrounded by the dorsum sellae, the basilar artery trunk, and the left superior cerebellar artery, with good symptomatic control. Association of the empty sella and persistence of the infundibular recess must be carefully evaluated by MRI before attempting endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Herniation of the anterior inferior floor of the third ventricle into the empty sella can lead to loss of anatomical landmarks that require special attention during third ventriculostomy.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Analysis of intragenic recombination at wx in rice: correlation between the molecular and genetic maps within the locus.

In plant genomes as well as other eukaryotic genomes, meiotic recombination does not occur uniformly. At the level of the gene, high recombination frequencies are often observed within genetic loci in maize, but this feature of intragenic recombination is not seen at the csr1 locus in Arabidopsis. These observations suggest that meiotic recombination in plant genomes varies considerably among species. In the present study we investigated meiotic recombination at the wx locus in rice. The mutation sites of wx mutants induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treatment or gamma-ray irradiation and a spontaneous wx mutant were physically characterized, and the genetic distances between those wx mutation sites were estimated by pollen analysis. Based on these results, the recombination frequency at the wx locus in rice was estimated as 27.3 kb/cM, which was about 10 times higher than the average for the genome, suggesting that there was a radically different rate of meiotic recombination for intra- and intergenic regions in the rice genome.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

[A boy with summer onset paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria induced by Donath-Landsteiner antibody with anti-I specificity].

We encountered 4-year-old boy who developed paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) in the middle of August. He was admitted due to progressive jaundice and pallor following fever and nausea. Laboratory data revealed severe anemia, increased serum indirect bilirubin and LDH, and decreased serum haptoglobin. Direct/indirect Coombs tests were positive. These findings yielded a diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Serological test for syphilis was negative. The patient's symptoms and signs promptly subsided after treatment with prednisolone, which was started on the 2nd hospital day. The patient has been in a disease-free state for 16 months without any medication. After discharge, he was finally given a diagnosis of PCH because a Donath-Landsteiner test was positive. The antibody belonged to an IgM subclass and showed anti-I specificity. Considering that development of PCH is common in winter, this case was unique because it developed in August. We speculated that exposure to a cool air-conditioned atmosphere prior to hospitalization and the cooling mechanism of the body after admission were involved in the summer onset of PCH and its prolonged clinical course.

Air Conditioning↗

PubMed2000

Aldose reductase mRNA expression is associated with rapid development of diabetic microangiopathy in Japanese Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients.

There appears to be an obvious difference in the susceptibility to diabetic microangiopathy among Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. We examined the hypothesis that aldose reductase (AR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression may be enhanced in diabetic patients susceptible to diabetic microangiopathy by measuring AR mRNA expression in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) obtained from T2DM patients. The AR mRNA and beta-actin mRNA expressions were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. The relative AR mRNA expression to beta-actin mRNA expression significantly increased in the PMNs of T2DM patients, compared to normal healthy controls. The relative AR mRNA expression tended to increase with an increase of glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. The patients who showed both progressive diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy within 10 years after the diagnosis of T2DM (Group I) showed significantly 1.6 times higher AR mRNA expressions than those who have not shown both complications over 10 years after diagnosis (Group II), in spite of no obvious difference in glycaemic control between both groups. The present data indicate that the AR mRNA expression increased in the PMNs of T2DM patients and there is an obvious difference in the PMNs AR mRNA expression between T2DM patients susceptible and relatively resistant to the development of diabetic microangiopathy.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Insulin resistance and changes in the blood coagulation-fibrinolysis system after a glucose clamp technique in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We investigated the relationship between changes in insulin resistance and blood coagulation-fibrinolysis following institution of a glucose clamp (GC) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We studied 35 type 2 diabetic patients (19 males and 16 females, mean age at 58.3 +/- 11.9 years) and 10 healthy subjects. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic GC technique was performed using on artificial pancreas. The degree of insulin resistance was determined from the glucose infusion rate (GIR) calculated from the GC technique. The GIR in type 2 diabetic patients was markedly reduced compared to that in healthy subjects. The GIR was significantly and negatively correlated with the body mass index and the serum concentrations of the fasting immunoreactive insulin (FIRI). The plasma concentrations of thrombomodulin (TM) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the diabetic patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy subjects. The plasma concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in the diabetic patients tended toward higher than those in the healthy subjects. The elevated plasma concentrations of TM and tPA in diabetes were significantly lowered following a GC technique. Patients with advanced nephropathy had significant higher concentrations of TM and tPA compared to healthy subjects. We concluded that diabetic patients have abnormalities in the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system that can be improved by the GC technique.

Albuminuria↗

PubMed2000

Analysis of serum lactate dehydrogenase and its isozymes during administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity is known to become elevated following granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in some patients, but no extensive studies on this phenomenon have been performed. In 26 children with malignancies in complete remission who received recombinant human G-CSF intravenously after combined chemotherapy, we measured serum LDH and its isozymes (81 episodes) before chemotherapy (pre-Tx), during administration of G-CSF (mid-Tx), and after stopping G-CSF (post-Tx) and compared the obtained data using paired t test. Twelve episodes were excluded from analysis because of liver dysfunction (alanine aminotransferase > 45 IU/L). Serum LDH at mid-Tx (343.1+/-19.8 IU/L; mean +/- SE) was significantly higher than that at pre-Tx (186.9+/-6.7 IU/L) and post-Tx, but this difference was observed only when change in white blood cell counts (WBCs) (WBC at mid-Tx minus WBC at pre-Tx) was greater than or equal to 4000/microL (58 episodes). Percentages of LDH isozymes 3, 4, and 5 at mid-Tx (23.5+/-1.0, 11.7+/-0.8, and 8.3+/-0.7) were significantly increased compared with those at pre-Tx (19.5+/-0.7, 6.3+/-0.3, and 4.2+/-0.5) and post-Tx, resulting in a significant decrease in percentages of LDH isozymes 1 and 2 at mid-Tx. In episodes of change in WBCs > or =4000/microL, change in LDH significantly correlated to changes in WBCs and granulocytes but not to change in lymphocytes or monocytes. These results suggest that serum LDH is significantly elevated during G-CSF administration in accordance with the increase in peripheral granulocytes, which accompanies change in the pattern of percentages of LDH isozymes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Estrogen markedly increases LDL-receptor activity in hypercholesterolemic patients.

We investigated the change in low-density lipoprotein receptor activity following the administration of estrogen to patients with hypercholesterolemia (HC). Studies were conducted in 16 patients with HC (total cholesterol (TC)>220 mg/dL) and 133 healthy control subjects. LDL-R activity was measured by fluorocytometry. Three of sixteen patients with HC showed low LDL-R activity below 80% together with extremely high serum levels of TC and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). LDL-R activity showed an inverse correlation with serum levels of TC and LDL-C (p<0.05, respectively). Two women with initially low LDL-R activity who showed a marked increase in LDL-R activity exhibited a normalized activity at four and eight weeks after estriol administration, proportional to the reduction in serum levels of TC and LDL-C. One man with an initially extremely low LDL-R activity showed no abnormality at the sites of exons 7, 14, 17 and intron 12 by the PCR-DGGE method, which are common sites for point-mutations of LDL-R among Japanese patients with HC. Estrogen reduced serum levels of TC and LDL-C in patients with HC, at least in part, via an increase in the LDL-R activity of patients with HC and an initially low LDL-R activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Two candidate downstream target genes for E2A-HLF.

The E2A-HLF fusion gene, formed by the t(17;19)(q22;p13) chromosomal translocation, is thought to drive the leukemic transformation of early B-cell precursors by repressing an evolutionarily conserved apoptotic pathway. To test this hypothesis, we sought to identify downstream targets of E2A-HLF in t(17;19)+ pro-B leukemia cells (UOC-B1) that had been transfected with a zinc-inducible vector encoding a dominant-negative suppressor (E2A-HLF[dn]) of the oncoprotein. Representational difference analysis of mRNAs from E2A-HLF(dn)+ UOC-B1 cells grown with (E2A-HLF inactive) or without (E2A-HLF active) the addition of zinc yielded several differentially expressed cDNA fragments that were individually subcloned. Two of the clones, designated F-5 and G-4, hybridized with mRNAs that were upregulated by E2A-HLF. Levels of both transcripts declined sharply within 8 to 12 hours after suppression of E2A-HLF DNA-binding activity, becoming undetectable after 96 hours. The F-5 cDNA was identified as a portion of ANNEXIN VIII, whose product was expressed in promyelocytic leukemia cells and UOC-B1 cells, but not in other leukemic cell lines. A novel full-length cDNA cloned with the G-4 fragment encoded a protein that we have named SRPUL (sushi-repeat protein upregulated in leukemia). It is normally expressed in heart, ovary, and placenta, but could not be detected in leukemic cell lines other than UOC-B1. Neither protein prevented apoptosis in interleukin-3-dependent murine pro-B cells, suggesting that they have paraneoplastic roles in leukemias that express E2A-HLF, perhaps in the disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and hypercalcemia that characterize these cases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Running exercise increases tumor necrosis factor-alpha secreting from mesenteric fat in insulin-resistant rats.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an important mediator of insulin resistance in obese subjects, through its overexpression in fat tissue. However, how exercise can modify the expression of TNF-alpha is controversial. We examined TNF-alpha in adipose tissue using an animal model of insulin resistance that was produced by feeding rats a diet high in sucrose. The rats were allocated to one of three groups: those receiving a starch-based diet (control group): those fed a high-sucrose diet (sucrose-fed group): and those fed a high-sucrose diet and given wheel exercise (exercised group). The animals were allowed to eat and drink ad lib for 4 or 12 weeks (4 wk: control n=7, sucrose-fed n=7, exercised n=10; 12 wk: control n=5, sucrose-fed n=5, exercised n=9). The voluntary wheel exercise was initiated with the feeding of the high-sucrose diet. The rats in the exercise groups ran 15 +/- 3 km/week. We showed that 12-week voluntary running exercise significantly (P<0.05) increased both TNF-alpha protein (5-fold) and mRNA (1.4 fold) in the mesenteric fat of insulin-resistant rats compared to non-exercised sucrose-fed mice. Accordingly, in exercised group, plasma glucose (124 +/- 9 mEq/L vs 141 +/- 11 mEq/L). and free fatty acid (0.98 +/- 0.07 mEq/L vs 1.4 +/- 0.05 mEq/L) concentrating in portal vein blood were reduced compared to sucrose-fed group. The amounts of fatty tissue both in mesenteric and subcutaneous tissues were significantly (P<0.05) decreased through running exercise. We consider that up-regulation of TNF-alpha in mesenteric fat may be a compensatory mechanism for the reduction of fatty acid in adipose tissues and this change could control metabolic homeostasis during exercise to modulate a hyperinsulinemic state.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Preperitoneal fat deposition estimated by ultrasonography in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: Preperitoneal fat is an indicator of visceral fat deposition, which is closely related to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in obese patients. We assessed the relationship of preperitoneal fat deposition and various clinical characteristics in 90 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat deposition were measured by ultrasonography. In both the male and female diabetics, preperitoneal fat levels were significantly higher than in age-matched healthy subjects. We also determined blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, serum lipids, fasting immunoreactive insulin (FIRI), daily urinary C-peptide (CPR), serum leptin, urinary albumin excretion and body mass index (BMI). Of these parameters, BMI, FIRI, leptin and daily urinary CPR were positively correlated with preperitoneal fat deposition. Patients with diet therapy alone showed significantly higher preperitoneal fat levels than those receiving insulin therapy. In female, patients with increased preperitoneal fat showed higher prevalence of hypertension than those with decreased fat. Macroalbuminuric patients had a lower preperitoneal fat than microalbuminuric and normoalbuminuric patients. Patients with proliferative retinopathy exhibited lower preperitoneal fat than did those without retinopathy. Preperitoneal fat levels were positively correlated with motor or sensory nerve conduction velocity. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that in NIDDM patients, increased preperitoneal fat deposition is closely associated with obesity, hypertension and hyperinsulinemia, and negatively modulates diabetic microangiopathy including nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

SLUG, a ces-1-related zinc finger transcription factor gene with antiapoptotic activity, is a downstream target of the E2A-HLF oncoprotein.

The E2A-HLF fusion gene transforms human pro-B lymphocytes by interfering with an early step in apoptotic signaling. In a search for E2A-HLF-responsive genes, we identified a zinc finger transcription factor, SLUG, whose product belongs to the Snail family of developmental regulatory proteins. Importantly, SLUG bears close homology to the CES-1 protein of C. elegans, which acts downstream of CES-2 in a neuron-specific cell death pathway. Consistent with the postulated role of CES-1 as an antiapoptotic transcription factor, SLUG was nearly as active as Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL in promoting the survival of IL-3-dependent murine pro-B cells deprived of the cytokine. We conclude that SLUG is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional repressor whose activation by E2A-HLF promotes the aberrant survival and eventual malignant transformation of mammalian pro-B cells otherwise slated for apoptotic death.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Facile enzymatic conversion of lactose into lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose.

Lacto-N-tetraose (Galbeta1 -3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc, LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc, LNnT) were enzymatically synthesized by consecutive additions of GlcNAc and Gal residues to lactose. Lacto-N-triose II (GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc) was prepared first by the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to lactose by beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase from bovine serum. The resulting lacto-N-triose II was converted into LNT and LNnT utilizing two kinds of beta-D-galactosidase-mediated transglycosylations. Thus, beta-D-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans ATCC31382 induced regioselective galactosyl transfer from o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside to the OH-3" position of lacto-N-triose II, and commercially available beta-D-galactosidase from B. circulans to the OH-4" position of lacto-N-triose II. These convenient processes are suitable for large-scale preparations of LNT and LNnT. As another method, LNT was directly synthesized from lactose as an initial substance, utilizing lacto-N-biosidase (Aureobacterium sp. L-101)-mediated transglycosylation with Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta-pNP donor.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The KOR-SA3544 antigen predominantly expressed on the surface of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells is nonspecific cross-reacting antigen-50/90 (CD66c) and invariably expressed in cytoplasm of human leukemia cells.

We previously reported a novel monoclonal antibody KOR-SA3544 which predominantly reacted with a surface antigen (sSA3544) expressed on Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the present study, we demonstrate that the antibody specifically recognized nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA)-50/90 (CD66c), one of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related glycoproteins encoded by a member of the CEA gene family. In addition, we show that the SA3544 antigen (NCA-50/90) was invariably expressed in cytoplasm of all of the human leukemic cell lines examined (sSA3544-positive B-lymphoid two, sSA3544-negative T or B-lymphoid and non-lymphoid 24) regardless of the presence or absence of surface expression of this antigen. Immunoelectromicroscopic examination revealed that the cytoplasmic antigen was mainly present in granules in sSA3544-positive leukemia cells, whereas it was diffusely present in cytosol in sSA3544-negative leukemia cells. Thus, among members of the CEA family, NCA-50/90 was first demonstrated to be expressed not only on the surface of some leukemia cells, but also in cytoplasm of various types of leukemia cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1999

p16/MTS1/INK4A gene is frequently inactivated by hypermethylation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with 11q23 translocation.

The p16 gene encoding a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 has been reported to be inactivated at a variety of rates in malignant tumors. We studied frequency and mechanism of inactivation of the p16 gene in various types of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using 36 leukemic cell lines established from children (B precursor-ALL, 28; B-ALL/Burkitt's lymphoma, 3; and T-ALL, 5). On Southern blot, homozygous deletions or hemizygous deletions with rearrangement were detected in 14 cell lines. The expression of p16 protein was not observed on Western blot in 18 of 22 cell lines with intact p16 gene, but induced in 16 cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent, indicating the silencing of the p16 gene by hypermethylation. Of note, the p16 gene was inactivated by hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island in nine of nine cell lines with 11q23 translocation, but was restored with the treatment of the demethylating agent. Partial methylation of the p16 gene was also demonstrated in three of eight primary leukemia samples with this translocation, suggesting that the p16 gene inactivation by hypermethylation might play a role in the leukemogenesis and disease progression of ALL with 11q23 translocation.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed1999

Relation between the serum level of C-peptide and risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetic microangiopathy in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Syndrome X is used to describe a constellation of factors that lead to coronary heart disease (CHD): hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and an abnormality in lipid metabolism. We investigated the relationship between serum levels of C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) and diabetic complications in 256 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. The serum level of CPR was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups according to the serum level of CPR as follows: low CPR (n = 19, <0.7 ng/ml), normal CPR (n = 174, 0.7 to 2.2 ng/ml) and high CPR (n = 63, >2.2 ng/ml). The body mass index (BMI) and the serum level of triglycerides were significantly higher in the high CPR group (P < 0.05, respectively) compared with normal CPR group. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in the high CPR group than in the other 2 groups (low CPR: 16%, normal CPR: 28%, high CPR: 38%). The frequency of the number of patients receiving insulin therapy was greater in the low CPR group than in the other 2 groups, (low CPR: 58%, normal CPR: 15%, high CPR: 11%). The serum CPR level was significantly lower in patients with than without proliferative retinopathy or macroalbuminuria. Our conclusion is that the present data suggest that an increased serum level of CPR is associated with obesity, elevated serum triglycerides, and hypertension in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. A low CPR level leading to hyperglycemia is associated with the progression of diabetic microangiopathies, such as retinopathy and nephropathy.

Albuminuria↗

PubMed1999

Reduction of leptin precedes fat loss from running exercise in insulin-resistant rats.

Serum concentrations of leptin, a hormone secreted into the circulation by adipocytes, correlate with body mass index. Circulating of leptin is thought to signal the brain in patients with hyperinsulinemia, a condition reported to be preventable and testable by exercise training. In the present experiments, sucrose-fed rats had reduced concentrations of leptin in portal venous blood after 4 weeks of nonforced wheel-running exercise (1.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 6.2 +/- 1.8 ng/mL, in nonexercised sucrose-fed rats, P < 0.05). Mesenteric and subcutaneous fat stores were similar between groups. After 12 weeks of exercise, portal vein levels of leptin concentrations (5.2 +/- 2.1 vs. 9.9 +/- 0.8 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and mesenteric and subcutaneous fat all were reduced in the exercise group. These results suggest that short-term running exercise reduces circulating leptin before any reduction of adipose mass, and this reduction in the concentration of leptin available to its receptors has beneficial effects on the metabolism of fat and carbohydrates.

Adipose Tissue↗