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T Fukui

Publications and source records attributed to T Fukui.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Function of the phosphate group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the glycogen phosphorylase reaction.

To understand the catalytic mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), pyridoxal(5')phospho(1)-beta-D-glucose was synthesized and examined as a hypothetical intermediate in the catalysis. Pyridoxal phosphoglucose bound stoichiometrically to the cofactor site of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b in a similar mode of binding to the natural cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The rate of binding of pyridoxal phosphoglucose was only 1/100 compared with that of pyridoxal phosphate. The enzyme reconstituted with pyridoxal phosphoglucose showed no enzymatic activity at all even after prolonged incubation of the enzyme with substrates and activator. The present data would contradict participation of the phosphate group of pyridoxal phosphate in a covalent glucosyl-enzyme intermediate even if the covalent intermediate was formed during the catalysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Purification and properties of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M.

D(-)-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was purified from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M to electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration was 112,000, and the monomer molecular weight estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was 28,000, indicating that the native enzyme is a tetramer with four identical subunits. The enzyme showed a pH optimum at 8.0 in the oxidation reaction, and a broad pH optimum (5.5-7.5) in the reduction reaction. The Km values for D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NAD in the oxidation reaction were 3.2 X 10(-4) M and 5.7 X 10(-5) M, respectively. The Km value for acetoacetate in the reduction reaction was 1.5 X 10(-4) M and that for NADH was 1.5 X 10(-5) M. Acetyl CoA, D-lactate, and 2-hydroxybutyrate were effective inhibitors for the oxidation of D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate. The enzyme was sensitive to the inhibitory actions of sulfhydryl reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and HgCl2.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1981

An NAD-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M.

An NAD-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase of Zoolgoea ramigera I-16-M was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. In contrast to the D(-)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA-specific NADP-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase from the same bacterium [Saito, T. et al (1977) Arch. Microbiol. 114, 211 - 217], the purified enzyme was strictly stereospecific to L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and was active not only with NAD+ but also with NADP+, although NADP+ was less effective than NAD+ as coenzyme. The enzyme showed a pH optimum at 6.3 for the reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA and at 8.0 for the oxidation of L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. In the reduction reaction, Km values for acetoacetyl-Coa and NADH were 8.8 microM and 6.5 microM, respectively, and in the oxidation reaction, Km values for L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and DNA+ were 7.0 microM and 32 microM, respectively. Among various 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs tested, L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and L(+)-3-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA were the most active substrates. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis from acetyl-CoA, by a system reconstituted from purified preparations of 3-oxothiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA reductase and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthase, was observed when the NADP-linked but not the NAD-linked reductase was used. These findings indicate that the NAD-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase is not directly involved in the biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate).

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed1981

Purification and properties of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate-dimer hydrolase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M.

D(-)-3-Hydroxybutyrate-dimer hydrolase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M was purified 7000-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 28 000 as determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and 30 000 as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric point was at pH 5.7. The pH optimum for the enzyme reaction was 8.0. The dimer hydrolase was stereospecific for D(-)-3-[D(-)-3-hydroxybutyryloxy]butyric acid (DD-dimer) but also hydrolyzed D(-)-3-[L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryloxy]butyric acid (DL-dimmer) and L(+)-3-[D(-)-3-hydroxybutyryloxy]butyric acid (LD-dimer) at reduced rates. However, the enzyme did not attack L(+)-3-[L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryloxy]butyric acid (LL-dimer) at all. In addition, the purified hydrolase hydrolyzed several oligomeric esters of D(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (DDD-dimer, DDDD-tetramer and DDDDD-pentamer) faster than DD-dimer. Time course experiments with these oligomers and analysis of hydrolytic products of DDD-tetramer methyl ester with the hydrolase indicated that the enzyme attached these substrates from the free hydroxyl terminus releasing monomer units one at a time.

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases↗
PubMed1980

Structural basis for the difference of the regulatory properties between potato and rabbit muscle phosphrylases. The NH2-terminal sequence of the potato enzyme.

alpha-Glucan phosphorylases (EC 2.4.1.1) from potato tuber and rabbit muscle are similar in some of the structural and kinetic properties, despite the difference in the regulation of enzyme activity. The NH2-terminal region in the rabbit muscle enzyme is important for both allosteric and covalent controls. In this paper, the NH2-terminal 104-residue sequence of the potato enzyme was determined to compare it with that of the rabbit muscle enzyme. Edman degradations of the whole protein revealed the terminal sequence of Thr-Leu-X-Glu-X-X-His-His-. Using this sequence as a marker, the NH2-terminal 81-residue peptide was isolated from the CNBr-treated protein and sequenced. The sequence of this peptide was extended further by the 23-residue sequence of the other two CNBr peptides by considering the sequence similarity between the potato and rabbit muscle enzymes. The combined results of the present and previous studies (Nakano, K., Wakabayashi, S., Hase, T., Matsubara, H. and Fukui, T. (1978) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 83, 1085-1094 and Nakano, K., Fukui, T., and Matsubara, H. (1980) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 87, 919-927) indicate that the potato and rabbit muscle enzymes are highly homologous except for the NH2-terminal 33-residue region which is very different. The potato enzyme has 2 more residues attached to the NH2-terminal region. The remarkable dissimilarity in the structure of this region provides a basis for the difference of the regulatory properties between the two enzymes. It is conceivable that phosphorylases existed originally as a large catalytically active molecule, and that the regulatory mechanism was then formed within the molecule during the course of evolution.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

2'-Deoxy-2'-azidoadenosine triphosphate and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine triphosphate as substrates and inhibitors for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

The effects of 2'-substitutions of ATP on the substrate and inhibitor properties for RNA synthesis were studied in the poly(dAT)-dependent reaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In the presence of UTP, 2'-deoxy-2'-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AZTP) was incorporated into an acid-insoluble fraction at one-tenth of the rate of ATP incorporation; it thus acts as a competitive inhibitor for poly(AU) synthesis. On the other hand, another ATP analog, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AfTP), was co-polymerized with UTP into acid-insoluble materials at a rate less than 1% of that of ATP incorporation; in addition, it exerted a strong but mixed-type inhibition on poly(AU) synthesis. Different modes of action of the two ATP analogs are discussed in connection with the specificity of substrate recognition by RNA polymerase.

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases↗
PubMed1980

Sequence homology between potato and rabbit muscle phosphroylases. Isolation of cysteinyl peptides by covalent chromatography from the potato enzyme and their amino acid sequences.

To elucidate the structural similarity between alpha-glucan phosphorylases from different sources, the amino acid sequences of the cysteinyl regions in potato phosphorylase were determined, and compared with the complete sequence of the rabbit muscle enzyme. Cysteinyl peptides were purified by covalent chromatography based on thiol-disulfide exchange. Potato phosphorylase was coupled to Thiopropyl-Sepharose 6B in the presence of urea, and, after tryptic digestion, 10 distinct cysteinyl peptides which accounted for all the cysteine present in the enzyme were finally isolated in high yields. From the sequence comparison, all of the peptides surrounding the cysteinyl residues in the potato enzyme are homologous with widely distributed specific regions in the rabbit muscle enzyme, although only 4 of 10 cysteinyl residues are conserved between the two enzymes. These observations, in addition to the previously established homology in the cofactor site, show that potato and rabbit muscle phosphorylases are similar in terms of the primary structure. The different properties of cysteinyl residues in the two enzymes are discussed based on the present sequence comparison and the recent X-ray crystallographic data for the rabbit muscle enzyme.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Interferon induction by two 2'-modified double-helical RNAs, poly(2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyinosinic acid) x poly(cytidylic acid) and poly(2'-chloro-2'-deoxyinosinic acid) x poly(cytidylic acid).

In addition to the 2'-azido analogue of (I)n x (C)n, (dIn3)n x (C)n, we have found two other (I)n x (C)n analogues, (dIfl)n x (C)n and (dIcl)n x (C)n, in which the 2'-hydroxyls of the (I)n strand are replaced by either fluorine or chlorine, to be highly effective in inducing interferon. This contrasted with the lack of interferon-inducing activity noted for various other 2'-halogeno analogues of (I)n x (C)n and (A)n x (U)n, i.e. (I)n x (dCcl)n, (dAfl)n x (U)n, (dAcl)n x (U)n, (A)n x (dUfl)n and (A)n x (dUcl)n. In most assay systems, viz. primary rabbit kidney cells, human diploid fibroblasts, HeLa cells, interferon-primed mouse L-929 cells, and intact rabbits, (dIfl)n x (C)n and (dIcl)n x (C)n induced interferon levels that were comparable to those induced by (I)n x (C)n. There was one particular system (L-929 cells treated with DEAE-dextran), however, in which (dIfl)n x (C)n and (dIcl)n x (C)n, unlike (I)n x (C)n, failed to stimulate interferon production. As monitored by both radiochemical and biological means, (dIfl)n x (C)n and, to a lesser extent, (dIcl)n x (C)n were more resistant to degradation by ribonuclease A, T1 and human serum nucleases than was (I)n x (C)n. In their reactivity towards antibodies to double-stranded RNA (dIfl)n x (C)n and (dIcl)n x (C)n conformed more closely to (I)n x (C)n than did other 2'-substituted (e.g. 2'-O-methyl or 2'-O-ethyl) analogues of (I)n x (C)n. The high interferon-inducing potency of (dIfl)n x (C)n and (dIcl)n x (C)n has both theoretical and practical implications. While our findings suggest that (dIfl)n x (C)n and (dIcl)n x (C)n should be further explored for their therapeutic potentials, they also strengthen the notion that the interferon-inducing capacity, and possibly other biological functions of double-stranded RNAs is dependent on the recognition of the overall conformation of the polynucleotide rather than on the binding of specific functional groups such as the 2'-hydroxyl group.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The role of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in plant phosphorylase.

The removal of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from potato phosphorylase [EC 2.4.1.1] was achieved by incubation in an acidic ammonium sulfate solution containing hydroxylamine. Potato apophosphorylase is catalytically inactive, but reactivated by incubation with pyridoxal phosphate. Upon titration, the degree of recovery of activity agreed well with the degree of incorporation of pyridoxal phosphate. Therefore, it can be concluded that pyridoxal phosphate in the plant enzyme is the cofactor required for the enzyme activity, as it has been shown to be in the animal enzyme. The reconstitution of the apoenzyme using six pyridoxal phosphate analogues modified at the 5' position indicates that the structural properties of the cofactor binding site is similar in potato and rabbit muscle phosphorylases. This suggests that the plant enzyme has also a substrate binding site neighboring with the 5'-phosphate moiety of the bound cofactor similar to that shown to exist in the animal enzyme. On the other hand, the analysis of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra of these two enzymes shows that the secondary structures are rather different from each other; the potato enzyme is estimated to have 16% alpha-helix and 37% beta-structure, and the muscle enzyme b 41% alpha-helix and 21% beta-structure. This indicates that the cofactor binding locus must have been more strictly conserved than other regions.

Ammonium Sulfate↗